Benefits Of A College Degree - 911 Words

Luke McKnight Composition I 7 November 2014 Researchers over the years nearly all say similar things, and that is that going to college will probably give you more opportunities to make money. You don t even need a fancy degree, or study to see it. A normal person with a bachelor s degree earns about $48,000 per year, compared with $27,000 for a high school graduate. Grads also have lower unemployment, from cases of lack of education, as of November 3. The labor field has always paid a number more, for college graduates, and that rate has grown sharply over the past years. People who study these trends say that, it is mostly due to skill-needed technology growing industries. And they have been changing the distribution of skills needed by employers. For example, employers have needed a larger number of highly educated workers to match their increasingly advanced technologies, as well as clever people to be able to work in increasingly intricate and connected markets. A college degree can serve as both proof of learned skills a nd a signal of innate analytical ability Skill-biased change aids most those already at the high end of the distribution of ability and preparedness, which is why it is widely viewed as one of the leading explanations for growing income inequality. Though college enrollments have been climbing steadily the trend only seems to be increasing for the young population, wheras the older population is a bit more stable. Only some of Americans who enrollShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A College Degree1314 Words   |  6 Pages Benefits of a College Degree Earning a college degree is such an important step in life that it has become a central part of the â€Å"American Dream†. Go to college, get a job, buy a house, raise a family. It may not always be that simple, but it all starts with your college education.Earning a college degree is all about opening up opportunities in life. It repares you, both intellectually and socially, for your career and your adult life. benefits of a college include better career opportunitiesRead MoreBenefits Of A College Degree944 Words   |  4 Pagesworld, it is hard to imagine a child who is not going to college. The expectation of a child going to school is that he or she will get a good degree in their major of interest. It will never be a non-beneficial to anyone. Everyone in top position of the nation, companies, market and, college or university always have a good degree. They could have not been there today if they did not have a degree on hand. Therefore, having a college degree makes a great impact to people’s income, personality orRead MoreBenefits of a College Degree1447 Words   |  6 PagesOf course there are obvious benefits to getting a college degree such as better salary potential, greater ability to advance in ones career, the potential for greater job stability, and of course greater job satisfaction. These are some of the main reasons why I chose to continue my education and learnin g; however, these are not the only benefits that I have experienced. In reflecting on my educational experience I find that first studying business has prepared me to understand my functions as aRead MoreBenefits Of A College Degree862 Words   |  4 PagesThe number of high school graduates to go to college has begun to steadily decline in the past few years. Recent studies have shown that now only about sixty-six percent make the jump towards getting a degree. That means almost half the number of young adults don’t apply their selves and miss out on many opportunities for a better life. College has never not been an option for me and was a constant goal to work towards. I remember as a child dreaming about growing up and going to Clemson UniversityRead MoreBenefits Of Having A College Degree956 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant it is to go to college and get a degree. Private colleges have more academic benefits than public colleges because they have technological advancemen ts that public schools do not have. The benefits of having a college degree and higher education can help a person academically, socially, and achieve more opportunities. Every student would love to have the name Harvard or Harvey Mudd on his or her diploma, but the reality is that the vast majority of students end up at colleges with far less nameRead MoreBenefits of a College Degree Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents have to make is whether to go to college or not. There are many factors that go into one’s decision. There are pros and cons to going to college and also there are pros and cons for not going to college. But the decision that will give someone the better opportunity to have a more successful life is to go to college. The money that one will earn after getting a college degree will be more than the money a person will make without getting a college degree. As our society has continued to evolveRead MoreCollege Education Has Become A Minimum Requirement1341 Words   |  6 PagesCollege education serves as the key to a successful future for individuals who are serious about it. It provides financial security and helps a perso n build a considerable reputation. Currently, college education has become a minimum requirement in securing a job in different companies. Is college really worth it? This is a question that many students start asking as college costs rise and jobs are harder to get. Despite these minor flaws, higher education provides many advantages in the long runRead MoreBenefits Of Attending College After High School1369 Words   |  6 PagesAM 29 April 2016 Benefits of Attending College After High School There are many benefits for students choosing college as their first step in your future after high school. Earning a college degree is an important step, both personally and professionally (Hussung, 2015). Having a higher education is valuable to an individual, families, and the community as well. Students who obtain a college education often have higher lifetime earnings and experience a variety of other benefits (â€Å"How Important†)Read MoreThe Importance Of A College Degree1181 Words   |  5 PagesA college degree is a certification of completion of state and or federal scholastic requirements. A degree informs the public a person has satisfied the necessary requirements to be considered a graduate of one of the sundry levels of edifying educational attainment. â€Å"Although colleges and universities of today carry a heavy price tag, it is of great importance not to let that discourage you from obtaining a college education† (McGuire, 2011). Importance of a College Degree As a matter of factRead MoreIs College Worth The Time And Money? Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliamson CR 11 3 Dec. 2016 Is College Worth the Time and Money? Colleges are everywhere—they are advertised middle and high schools, television ads show people satisfied with their college experiences, and parents ask their children what school they want to go to. In today’s society, college is expected for many, a necessity for others. People are told the only way to further a country is to educate. With tuition being a part of college, many question if college is worth all the money when there

Persuasive Speech on Smiling Free Essays

Ashley Buckner Persuasive Speech COMM210D 4/20/12 Why should you smile? I. Imagine: you wake up in the morning. You get ready and grab a cup of coffee. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speech on Smiling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, you walk out the door, seeing many faces as you make your way to work, and walk up to your building. When you walk inside expecting to be greeted by many more positive faces, you see none, and so you walk over and sit down at your desk. While thinking back on your morning to work you were realizing that there was not a moment of joy. There was no laughter, no happiness†¦ nothing. A single coworker or employee did not greet you happily, and a single person walking to work did not smile you at. The world just felt cold and bitter, and now you’re in a terribly bad mood for the rest of the day because of it. Would it not have made it a better day to see people joyfully acknowledging you and one another around them while you were on your way to work rather than seeing their cold and painfully bitter looks of no emotion? Well, I know the perfect remedy to making any day, a better day. II. This can change the way you start and end your every day. a. Have you ever wondered what simplest thing you could do to help someone who was upset was? i. You can do this with them and for them to help them to feel better. b. It is extremely easy and it takes little to no muscles to do it. ii. Keep in mind, it takes 43 muscles to frown. 1. That is a lot of muscles to use to show people you are unhappy. c. When you walk with and past people, and they give you a negative look, 9 times out of 10 it will bother you in some way or another. ii. If you look at them positively, typically they will look back at you positively as well. III. Smiling. d. Smiling is a part of every day life. iv. It changes our mood for the better. 2. It can trick the body into feeling happy. v. â€Å"Every time you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a beautiful thing. †   ~Mother Teresa e. Smiling relieves stress. vi. It helps us to not look so tired and overwhelmed. 3. It can wear down the stress before it works you up. f. Smiling reduces your blood pressure and boosts your immune system. vii. Those are two very important things to keep in mind while keeping a healthy living style. viii. â€Å"When you smile,† stated by Mark Stibich, â€Å" there is a measurable reduction in your blood pressure. † ix. Smiling relaxes you, and when you are relaxed your immune systems is boosted. IV. Smiling can help you in many, many other ways as well. g. Whether it is with your lips or with your teeth, smiling is how to make for a positive day ahead. x. When you go to an interview you smile to show appreciation. xi. When you are at work you smile to show courtesy. xii. While it takes 43 muscles to frown, it only takes 17 to smile. h. â€Å"Smiling is universal. † –quoted by Michael Lee. xiii. There is no barrier on smiling. 4. All races, males, females, any age, and any type of people have the ability to crack a smile whenever they feel the need/want to. xiv. When you smile it breaks the ice of any situation. i. â€Å"Smiling has a lot of benefits, not only to you but also to those around you. – Another quote from Michael Lee’s only blog about smiling improvements to life. V. Smiling makes any day a better day. According to this class, 100% of you agreed that smiling does in fact make your day better; whether it may be a lot better, or only slightly better. Next time you feel sad or upset, try smiling. There is a good chance that you will feel quite a bit better. Smiling reduces and relieves stress built up in your body to help you from getting upset over smaller problems. Smiling even boosts your immune system and lowers your blood pressure! Above everything else, smiling helps to lift your face to help make you look a lot younger. I mean, some of you may say that you don’t want to be attractive, want to relieve stress, don’t want to build your immune system or lower your blood pressure, don’t want to look a lot younger, feel successful, or be able to stay positive. That’s okay though; because smiling just may not be for you, but for everyone else out there, who does want all of those things to happen to him or her, smile, because it will show an improvement in your life in the matter of minutes. Go on, try it! How to cite Persuasive Speech on Smiling, Essays

Financial Success in America free essay sample

Attaining financial success in America is not easy; it is a struggle that many Americans hope to achieve one day. There can be certain setbacks for some individuals who hope to achieve this position, but are held back possibly due to their race or class. Although it is said that everyone has equal individual opportunity in America, this is not so true for some factors we cannot control. Being born into a specific household that may be upper class or lower class is something beyond our intro, yet controls us as we continue to strive. Furthermore, it is interesting how we cannot tell the class that one is in Just by looking at their appearance, since people in America do not dress less fancy if they fall in a lower class. What I had not realized before is that the lower class has it much harder than I had previously thought, especially because minimum wage does not cut it for most of us. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Success in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though a person can be fully employed at a place that earns minimum wage, it is still very difficult to get by, especially if you have a whole family to feed. Minimum wage makes it difficult for even one person to live off, let alone a whole family. Bills add up fast, and this puts many people in a situation in which they lose hope. For a waiter or waitress to succeed would be very difficult, especially since minimum wage is Just not enough for people to meet their needs. It is being increasingly common for employers to lower the hours for their workers, and in order for one to succeed in a position like this is close to impossible. I believe that if many of these underpaid, minimum wage workers cannot afford food sometimes, and would rather skip a meal than spend money of a meal, they are considered to be in poverty. Yet, it is amazing how they are still not classified as being in poverty. This makes me wonder of what the government actually thinks what poverty is, maybe skipping two meals instead of one? Class, race, age, and many other factors put certain people at a disadvantage, and although it may be harder for these people to attain monetary success, I think anything is possible with determination.

Joseph Stalin foreign policies

Introduction Joseph Stalin was born in the year 1879 in Georgia and was an influential politician in Soviet State from the year 1922 until he died in 1953 (Imdb.com).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph Stalin foreign policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this time, Stalin served â€Å"as the first general secretary of the communist party of the Soviet union’s central committee† (Imdb.com) and he managed to consolidate more authority and power in his governance until he become dominant over all other political groups within this party. As a result of his outstanding policies, Stalin geared the soviet State towards achieving major transformation and the country become a â€Å"great industrial power† causing swift economical changes to occur (Imdb.com). Stalin’s policies Foreign policies are combined strategies which a State or a country designs and pursues in order to safe guard its concerns and interests within the international arena (Foreignpolicy.com). As such, Joseph Stalin had developed specific policies in order to ensure that Soviet Union was successful in many areas primarily in national security. Throughout his reign, Stalin took necessary measures to develop strategies which enabled him maintain power while on the other hand safeguarding the interest of his country (Foreignpolicy.com). Joseph Stalin was obsessed with power and for this reason he wanted to be in a position where he can command and control everything; he therefore developed different strategies such as policies to maintain political power, policies to enable Soviet State acquire economically stability so that the country could become superior over its enemies and policies to safeguard the interest of the nation (Foreignpolicy.com). Discussion Foremost, when Joseph Stalin came into power, he formulated policies which would enable him stay in power for a long time by eliminatin g all the people who worked in the previous administration while replacing this group of employees with his own people and friends (Histclo.com). Thereafter, Stalin also initiated a revolutionary wave which would see the Soviet Union acquire higher level of economical stability driven by the industrialization process (Histclo.com). During this industrialization process, there were major developments in the Soviet state and the government was fully able to control all sectors of the country including the most important sectors such as the treasury department because of Stalin hold on power. This firm control was necessary for Stalin’s administration because it enabled the government to direct funds in developing capable and strong military defense that Stalin needed to advance his military policy that was meant to be both defensive and aggressive (Imdb.com). Additionally, as a result of the high level of industrialization, the Soviet Union became self sufficient and very devel oped in terms of military power as the country was generating sophisticated and high standard military weapons to further its foreign military policy.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stalin also strengthened the country’s army in other ways through quality training of the country’s Red army which was intended to function as preemptive and preparative strategies in case of conflict outbreak between itself and its German neighbors or other countries such as Japan (Imdb.com). Just before the outbreak of Second World War, Stalin had established a policy to increase the number of military officers and by the year 1939 he had made sure that the population of army in the country had increased tremendously; in fact about 1.9 million of the population was army officers (Britannica.com). This ensured that the state was fully prepared to preempt any military attack especially form the Germans (Britannica.com). In this regard it is good to understand that just before the year 1930, Stalin had not developed a good foreign policy for his country, but since he was an ambitious person, Stalin did everything within his power to prepare his country for any eventuality of war which ultimately occurred. As a commanding leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin also developed several foreign strategies aimed at protecting the interests of the Soviet State apart from the military end (Britannica.com). Towards this end, Stalin established several strategies that ensured his country become recognized as an aggressive power. He then advanced a policy to protect the land of the Soviet State which was the basis of the countries saying that stated â€Å"we do not want a single foot of foreign territory, but we will not surrender a single inch of our territory either† (Histclo.com) in which he was quoted saying during one of his many speeches to his people (Histclo.com). This particular policy was adopted by Stalin just few months before the outbreak of World War II (Britannica.com). After this policy, Stalin desire to protect his country made him develop a much better foreign policy that was reconciliatory in nature which enabled Soviet Union to pursue open dialogues with most of the neighboring countries in order to build good relationship with these countries so that they could become allies in case of an outbreak in war (Foreignpolicy.com). Therefore during this time, Stalin developed policies that were both defensive and reconciliatory by strengthening the military while at the same time pursuing a policy that intended to befriend its neighboring countries. Indeed, Stalin developed about four major foreign policies which served as effective instrument of promoting strong military and good relationship with its neighbors. The first was to build up a good business relationship with all neighbor countries so that Soviet Union could win their trust by e ngaging with them in trade. The second strategy was to avoid any form of conflict or argument between Soviet Union and the neighboring countries so as to maintain strong bonds of friendship (Foreignpolicy.com).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph Stalin foreign policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third policy was to create a strong Red army and navy in order to facilitate reinforcement of the military force and also enable the defense mechanism to be ready to handle attackers from every side at any given time. Lastly Stalin developed another policy of creating good relationship with all foreigners living in his country whilst also ensuring good international bonds were maintained with its allies (Foreignpolicy.com). It is clear that, Joseph Stalin was a strategist and through his scheming he also ensured that treaties of all the above agreements that furthered the country’s policies were sign ed by the neighboring countries as a mark of commitment to these goals. Stalin also created foreign policies that addressed other countries policies that were being made by its enemies such as Poland and German; because he responded to this by pursuing policies that intended to make allies from its friendly countries. Pros and cons of Joseph Stalin During the period when Joseph Stalin was in authority, the Soviet Union experienced major transformations such as industrialization, economical development and good military defense which are among the most positive achievements of Commander Joseph Stalin as discussed below during his reign (Foreignpolicy.com). Since Stalin was an ambitious person, he did everything within his power to ensure that the Soviet Union would become a superior state. Therefore, during his reign, Stalin developed a strong team in his government that helped in facilitating urbanization of the Soviet Union to become more industrialized than ever before (Histclo.co m). This is because Stalin was very determined to make the Soviet Union acquire higher level of industrialization despite the internal pressure which was opposing his initiatives. Stalin sold much of the agricultural products all over the land so that he could be able to acquire funds that would facilitate his government in supporting this project. This is no doubt one of the many achievements that Joseph Stalin achieved because of the great desire to have his country become much superior as well; this is one of his greatest achievements (Histclo.com). In addition, Joseph Stalin enabled the country to acquire economical stability due to the major developments that he facilitated in the industrial sector. Because of the higher level of industrialization acquired by the Soviet State, the country was able to be of economical influence over other neighboring countries in the region (Foreignpolicy.com). Furthermore, Stalin also was able to develop a strong and capable military defense wh ich he invested heavily in order to safeguard the interest of the Soviet State. During this period, Stalin invested heavily in strengthening the Red army in every front such as by increasing training for the navy and airborne officers. Besides this, Stalin also advocated for increase in the number of army soldiers in order to ensure that the country was ready to face its enemies during war outbreak which had by then became imminent (Histclo.com).Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite of all these achievements, Joseph Stalin as a leader of the Soviet Union also negatively affected the country because of his foreign policies as well as his internal policies and his great ambitions to acquire more power. While trying to develop an industrialized State, Stalin had to sell a lot of agricultural products such as wheat from the farmers which eventually caused a great famine and consequently caused a mass death of Soviets citizens due to lack of enough food in the country (Foreignpolicy.com). Furthermore, while imposing his policies, Stalin violated the right and freedom to religion by abolishing all religious activities across the nation (Foreignpolicy.com). Works Cited Britannica.com. â€Å"Joseph Stalin (prime minister of Union of Soviet.† Web.. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Stalin Foreignpolicy.com. â€Å"Stalin statue in Virginia a huge bust†. 2010. Web. Histclo.com â€Å"Biography : Joseph Stalin, 2009†. Web. https://www. histclo.com/bio/s/bio-stalin.html Imdb.com. â€Å"Biography for Joseph Stalin†. 1998. Web. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0821672/bio Stel.ru. â€Å"Joseph Stalin Biography, 2004†. Web. This essay on Joseph Stalin foreign policies was written and submitted by user Dakota Glenn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species The Denisovans are a recently identified hominin species, related to but different from the other two hominid species (early modern humans and Neanderthals) who shared our planet during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. Archaeological evidence of the existence of Denisovans is so far limited, but genetic evidence suggests they were once widespread across Eurasia and interbred with both Neanderthals and modern humans. Key Takeaways: Denisovans Denisovan is the name of a hominid distantly related to Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.Discovered by genomic research in 2010 on bone fragments from Denisova Cave, SiberiaEvidence is primarily genetic data from the bone and modern humans who carry the genes  Ã‚  Positively associated with the gene which allows humans to live at high altitudesA right mandible was found in a cave in the Tibetan Plateau The earliest remains were tiny fragments found in the Initial Upper Paleolithic layers of Denisova Cave, in the northwestern Altai Mountains some four miles (six kilometers) from the village of Chernyi Anui in Siberia, Russia. The fragments held DNA, and the sequencing of that genetic history  and the discovery of remnants of those genes in modern human populations  has important implications for the human habitation of our planet. Denisova Cave The first remains of the Denisovans were two teeth and a small fragment of finger-bone from Level 11 at Denisova Cave, a level dated between 29,200 to 48,650 years ago. The remains contain a variant of initial Upper Paleolithic cultural remains found in Siberia called Altai. Discovered in 2000, these fragmentary remains have been the target of molecular investigations since 2008. The discovery came after researchers led by Svante Pbo at the Neanderthal Genome Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology successfully completed the first mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of a Neanderthal, proving that Neanderthals and early modern humans are not very closely related at all. In March 2010, Pbos team reported the results of the examination of one of the small fragments, a phalanx (finger bone) of a child aged between 5 and 7, found within Level 11 of Denisova Cave. The mtDNA signature from the phalanx from Denisova Cave was significantly different from both Neanderthals or early modern humans (EMH). A complete mtDNA analysis of the phalanx was reported in December of 2010, and it continued to support the identification of the Denisovan individual as separate from both Neanderthal and EMH. Pbo and colleagues believe that the mtDNA from this phalanx is from a descendant of people who left Africa a million years after Homo erectus, and half a million years before the ancestors of Neanderthals and EMH. Essentially, this tiny fragment is evidence of human migration out of Africa that scientists were completely unaware of before this discovery. The Molar The mtDNA analysis of a molar from Level 11 in the cave and reported in December 2010 revealed that the tooth was likely from a young adult of the same hominid as the finger bone and clearly a different individual since the phalanx is from a child. The tooth is an almost complete left and probably third or second upper molar, with bulging lingual and buccal walls, giving it a puffy appearance. The size of this tooth is well outside the range for most Homo species. In fact, it is closest in size to Australopithecus. It is absolutely not a Neanderthal tooth. Most importantly, the researchers were able to extract DNA from the dentin within the root of the tooth, and preliminary results reported its identification as a Denisovan. The Culture of the Denisovans What we know about the culture of the Denisovans is that it was apparently not much different from other Initial Upper Paleolithic populations in the Siberian north. The stone tools in the layers in which the Denisovan human remains were located are a variant of Mousterian, with the documented use of parallel reduction strategy for the cores, and a large number of tools formed on large blades. Decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, and fossilized ostrich shell were recovered from the Denisova Cave, as were two fragments of a stone bracelet made of dark green chlorite. The Denisovan levels contain the earliest use of an eyed-bone needle known in Siberia to date. Genome Sequencing In 2012, Pbos team reported the mapping of the complete genome sequencing of the tooth. Denisovans, like modern humans today, apparently share a common ancestor with Neanderthals  but had a completely different population history. While Neanderthal DNA is present in all populations outside of Africa, Denisovan DNA is only found in modern populations from China, island Southeast Asia, and Oceania. According to the DNA analysis, the families of present-day human and Denisovans split apart about 800,000 years ago  and then reconnected some 80,000 years ago. Denisovans share the most alleles with Han populations in southern China, with Dai in northern China, and with Melanesians, Australian aborigines, and southeast Asian islanders. The Denisovan individuals found in Siberia carried genetic data that matches that of modern humans and is associated with dark skin, brown hair and brown eyes. Tibetans, Denisovan DNA, and Xiahe Looking through the entire Jiangla River Valley at the upper reach of the valley. Biashiya Karst Cave is at the end of the valley. Dongju Zhang, Lanzhou University A DNA study published by population geneticist Emilia Huerta-Sanchez and colleagues in the journal  Nature  focused on the genetic structure of people who live on the Tibetan Plateau at 4,000 meters above sea level  and discovered that Denisovans may have contributed to the Tibetan ability to live at high altitudes. The gene EPAS1 is a mutation which reduces the amount of hemoglobin in blood required for people to sustain and thrive at high altitudes with low oxygen. People who live at lower altitudes adapt to low-oxygen levels at high altitudes by increasing the amount of hemoglobin in their systems, which in turn increases the risk of cardiac events. But Tibetans are able to live at higher elevations without increased hemoglobin levels. The scholars sought for donor populations for EPAS1 and found an exact match in Denisovan DNA. Denisova Cave is only about 2,300 feet above sea level; the Tibetan Plateau averages 16,400 ft asl. A team led by paleontologist Jean-Jacques Hublin (Chen 2019) searched through archived Tibetan paleontological remains and identified a mandible which had been discovered in Baishiya Karst Cave, Xiahe, Gansu province, China in 1980. The Xiahe mandible is 160,000 years old and it represents the earliest known hominin fossil found on the Tibetan Plateau- the caves elevation is 10,700 ft asl. Although no DNA remained in the Xiahe mandible itself, there was extant proteome in the dentine of the teeth- albeit highly degraded, it was still clearly distinguishable from contaminating modern proteins. A proteome is the set of all expressed proteins in a cell, tissue, or organism; and the observed state of a particular single amino acid polymorphisms within the Xiahe proteome helped establish the identification of the Xiahe as Denisovan. The scholars believe that this human adaptation to extraordinary environments may have been facilitated by gene flow from Denisovans who had adapted to the cl imate first. Now that researchers have an indication of what Denisovan jaw morphology looks like, it will be easier to identify possible Denisovan candidates. Chen et al. also suggested two more East Asian bones which fit the morphology and time frame of Xiahe cave, Penghu 1 and Xuijiayo. Family Tree When anatomically modern humans left Africa about 60,000 years ago, the regions they arrived in were already populated: by Neanderthals, earlier Homo species, Denisovans and possibly Homo floresiensis. To some degree, the AMH interbred with these other hominids. The most current research indicates that all of the hominid species are descended from the same ancestor, a hominin in Africa; but the exact origins, dating, and spread of hominids throughout the world was a complex process that needs much more research to identify. Research studies led by Mondal et al. (2019) and Jacobs et al. (2019) have established that modern populations containing admixtures of Denisovan DNA are found throughout Asia and Oceania, and it is becoming clear that interbreeding between anatomically modern humans and Denisovans and Neanderthals occurred several times over the course of our history on planet earth. Selected Sources rnason, Úlfur. The Out of Africa Hypothesis and the Ancestry of Recent Humans: Cherchez La Femme (Et Lhomme). Gene 585.1 (2016): 9–12. Print.Bae, Christopher J., Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. On the Origin of Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives. Science 358.6368 (2017). Print.Chen, Fahu, et al. A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan Mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature  (2019). Print.Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Garrels, J. I. Proteome. Encyclopedia of Genetics. Eds. Brenner, Sydney and Jefferey H. Miller. New York: Academic Press, 2001. 1575–78. PrintHuerta-Sanchez, Emilia, et al. Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans Caused by Introgression of Denisovan-Like DNA. Nature 512.7513 (2014): 194–97. Print.Jacobs, Guy S., et al. Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177.4 (2019): 1010–21.e32. P rint.Mondal, Mayukh, Jaume Bertranpetit, and Oscar Lao. Approximate Bayesian Computation with Deep Learning Supports a Third Archaic Introgression in Asia and Oceania. Nature Communications 10.1 (2019): 246. Print. Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Challenges of Recruitment Processes Samples

Google, an American company with multinational presence and specializing in products and services relating to the internet, was founded by the duo of Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. It is one of the most desired workplaces in the world, and that has been magnified by the production of a recruitment video that seeks to provide prospective applicants with a sneak peek into what it entails to work for the organization. One of the key messages from the video about google as an employer is, life at the organization is about more than just work. For example, there are recreational facilities for employees. The fact is, it is not just about productivity, but also, the experience is meant to be pleasant. The other key message is, ‘things happen,' implying that there is fast decision making with regard to whether projects will be approved or not. One of the interviewed engineers stated that ideas are approved at a faster rate i.e. on the order of weeks, months or less in comparison to the institutions that they worked for earlier. Also, there are certain qualities that are rooted for by the company when recruiting. They encompass the following: individuals with ambitious ideas, fast responses to requests, big achievers, passionate about projects, high energy levels, a good understanding of the product base and commitment to clients (Google Inc, 2006). Hence, employees are surrounded by bright and enthusiastic colleagues, working on interesting problems and products that impact a lot of lives e.g. Gmail (Google Inc, 2006). Again, they place huge importance on balancing work and life. To demonstrate, it has a child care center touted as one of Google’s most valuable programs. Further, expectant mothers are given time off before and after delivery. Additionally, they have 75% pay for all of the 12 weeks that mothers were expectant. Furthermore, they are afforded flexibility at work such as working fewer hours. According to Google’s engineering director featured in the video, Google’s culture, philosophy and personalities drawn from its founders. Organizational culture evident from the video is briefly outlined below. Google has a work environment that fosters flexibility, creativity, and innovation. Specifically, the organization has a 20% rule where engineers have 20% of their time to work on individual projects. Some of the projects highlighted in the video included the below mentioned. One, where an engineer created a rotating globe showing where on the globe Google users were searching from. Two, an added feature on google.com where when a user types in the name of a movie and the zip code, it will return to them a list of theatres around that area, with show time and reviews to that particular movie. Importantly, there is a free exchange of information through different setups. First, there is an impactful mentoring program where both incoming and resident employees are assigned official mentors and could also take up unofficial mentors. Therefore, there is an easy transition for new comers and those stepping up to new positions. Second, to stimulate the mind of its employers, the organization has educational talks called Ted talks in different topics such engineering and the latest theories about the origin of the universe (Google Inc, 2006). Again, the organization has a great startup spirit in that projects take a shorter period to launch. Lastly, it provides impactful products to the general public. The development of the theories began in 1920’s amidst the industrial revolution, during which productivity was at the core of businesses (Jerome, 2013). A particular theory that fits well with the Google recruitment video is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. The theory is built on the premise that the desire of many employees is to be included in an entity that supports their growth and development (Jerome, 2013). Thus, if special attention is a guarantee and there is an encouragement for participation, the view that their work is of significance motivates productivity and high-quality work. Concerning the theory, the video is effective in attracting the right candidates, for the reasons outlined below. The behavior of humans is related to needs. The video comes across as testament that the needs, as outlined by Maslow, will be met. First, ranked at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy, is psychological needs. It entails the basic needs that sustain human life. Such include food, shelter, clothing among others (Wahba&Bridwell, 1973). The video outlines the provision of all these at Google. Second, the security and safety needs which are connected to the psychological fear of job loss. Expectant mothers, for instance, are guaranteed of keeping their jobs. During the 12 months, they are afforded 75% of their salary and flexibility in terms of working hours (Google Inc, 2006). Third, the need according to the theory is the social need. The need posits that it is the desire of an employee is to be in a group and be accepted. This is made possible by Google by mentorship p rograms that facilitate regular interaction with superiors and other forms of activities that make interactions with other employees easier and possible. Ideally the video advocates for the creation of a sense of community. Fourth, the theory stipulates a self-esteem need that has much to do with recognition (Wahba&Bridwell, 1973). The importance of this fact has been duly emphasized in the video citing various activities that enhance self-esteem e.g. the 20% rule. Last, and the highest ranking need according to Maslow, is self-actualization. It entails the desire of an employee to become what they think they are capable of. Google provides for this through the 20% rule, enabling employees to utilize their maximum potential. Attracting the right kind of candidates for job openings is important to any organization in existence,so as to meet the organizational goals and values (Arachchige& Robertson, 2011). According to Maroko& Uncles (2008), there are certain characteristics that come into play when a potential employer is seeking to attract the right candidates for a job opening:attractiveness and accuracy. These are some of the factors that the video by Google looked to enhance by a brief documentation of its organizational culture. About attractiveness, the video demonstrates awareness of employee needs, differentiation in the market and relevance to a particular pool of enthusiasts.   Further, it accurately portrays accuracy regarding organizational culture, values, employee experience and the employer brand (Maroko& Uncles, 2008). A study by Williamson et al. (2010) emphasized the above claim on attractiveness stating that the amount of information given attributing the company and the different positions on offer has an interactive effect on potential applicants. Arachchige& Robertson (2011), provides other characteristics of an organization that fresh graduates look for. The most preferred attributes are: will gain experience that is relevant to career, promotes self-esteem, faster decision making, better relationships with colleagues and superiors, fun working environment among others. These are some of the â€Å"attraction† factors put across by the video. First,   finding a qualified employee in time has become more difficult.Uncontrollable circumstances may lead to someone being laid off, or alternatively, an employee might have left for another opportunity.In these situations, the position needs to be filled promptly (Meister, Willyerd& Foss, 2010). As such filling, the position becomes the next order of business. However, in as much as the market is full of applicants who would be interested in the position, there are challenges. A considerable amount of time is spent on sourcing suitable applicants and profile and CV reviews. Thus, there is a need to find ways of getting applicants of good quality into a recruiter’s short list fast. Second, ascertaining the legitimacy of a resume is an uphill task.Reason being, faking resumes has been a common occurrence in a recruiter’s bid to find a fit for a position. Included here are fake referrals, education, and certification (Mallory, 2014). Researching an employee’s resume to establish if every qualification is genuine is time consuming when working under a strict time frame. Third, settling for the right choice is a daunting task. A culmination of the above-mentioned factors that make the recruitment process challenging results in difficulties settling for the right candidate. A recruiter might have lots of talented candidates but with limited positions to accommodate at least the majority, chances are they might let extremely talented individuals leave. According to the survey by PWC and KPMG, the cost of a bad hire is estimated at double the salary he would have been paid to the individual. Last, as per the findings of a study carried out by Cappelli (2008), career decisions are no longer made by managers and executives as it was in the past where individuals were matched with jobs. As such, the most talented of individuals have the freedom to turn down offers if the offer that they expected does not come along. Similarly, there is a general talent problem that has since been burdensome to recruiters in companies of Google’s magnitude. They want the skills they need at the time of their choosing and in a manner that is desirable to them. Employees on the other hand desire the guarantee of advancement and an autonomous level of control n their careers (Cappelli, 2008). Arachchige, B. J., & Robertson, A. (2011). Business Student Perceptions of a Preferred Employer: A Study Identifying Determinants of Employer Branding. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 8(3). Cappelli, P. (2008). Talent management for the twenty-first century. Harvard business review, 86(3), 74. Google Inc. (2006). Google Recruitment Video. Google: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcXF1YirPrQ. Jerome, N. (2013). Application of the Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employee’s performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), 39-45. Mallory, M. (2014). A Research Proposal: Negligent Hiring and Fraudulent Resumes. Meister, J. C., Willyerd, K., & Foss, E. (2010). The 2020 workplace: How innovative companies attract, develop, and keep tomorrow's employees today (p. 5). New York, NY: Harper Business. Moroko, L., & Uncles, M. D. (2008). Characteristics of successful employer brands. Journal of Brand Management, 16(3), 160-175. Wahba, M. A., &Bridwell, L. G. (1973). MASLOW RECONSIDERED: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE NEED HIERARCHY THEORY. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1973, No. 1, pp. 514-520). Academy of Management. Williamson, I. O., King, J. E., Lepak, D., &Sarma, A. (2010). Firm reputation, recruitment web sites, and attracting applicants. Human Resource Management, 49(4), 669-687.

Critical Theory Today - Critical Analysis Paper Research

Critical Theory Today - Critical Analysis - Research Paper Example Hence each individual has a difference story to tell especially if we belong to different groups. The reason why group membership is important to Delgado is because primarily two kinds of groups exist, the In-Group and the Out-Group. The In-group is loosely defined as mainstream society but more importantly, the in-group is the group in power and the group that runs the show. Consequently, the out-group is the group that is marginalized from mainstream society as well as the group that faces the brunt of social discrimination and is often subject to patterns of social hegemony and oppression (Crenshaw et al.). Delgado’s work on the Homo-Narran was a huge achievement for not only critical race theorist but postmodernist as well. He helped define how humans act on others. While postmodernist such a Foucault believes that we act on ideologies, Delgado helped define where ideologies develop and thus how we deconstruct them (Crenshaw et al.). This sort of social stratification is s een in modern America today, as the media portrays the boundaries of the in-group through its idealization of â€Å"what is cool†. This means that individuals who do fit the criteria of cool are marginalized and pushed to the boundaries of the social sphere. To summarize the main concepts or Critical race theory, there are three main characteristics. First, that racism is ordinary, not aberrational (â€Å"normal science†), the usual way society functions, the frequent, everyday experience of most people of color (Crenshaw et al.). Second, most would concur that our system of white-over-color ascendancy serves important purposes, both psychological and material. The first feature, ordinariness, means that racism is difficult to cure or redress. Color-blind, or â€Å"formal†, conceptions of equality, expressed in rules that insist only on treatment that is the same across the board can thus remedy only the most blatant forms of discrimination such as mortgage redl ining or the refusal to hire a black Ph.D. rather than a white high school dropout (Crenshaw et al.). The second feature, sometimes called â€Å"interest convergence† or â€Å"material determinism†, adds a further dimension. Because racism advances the interests of both white elites and working-class people, large segments of society have little incentive to eradicate it. Consider Derrick Bell’s proposal that Brown v. Board of Education, considered a great triumph of civil rights litigation, may have resulted more from the self-interest of elite whites than a desire to help blacks (Crenshaw et al.). Lastly, the third theme of critical race theory, the â€Å"social construction† thesis, holds that race and races are products of social thought and relations. Not objective, inherent, or fixed, they correspond to no biological or genetic reality; rather, races are categories that society invents, manipulates, or retires when convenient. People with common ori gins share certain physical traits,

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36

Case Study - Essay Example The expenses that are incurred in buying a new or second hand printer are as follows; By comparing the prices above, it is evident that buying a second hand high speed printer is more cost effective/cheaper than buying a new high speed printer. However, this printer is four year old, and it is estimated that it will cost the company  £15,000 of expenses for repairs and lost business. The expenses incurred in maintaining the second hand printer is large enough to reduce revenue significantly. It is, therefore, not recommendable to obtain a high speed digital printer by buying a second hand Xerox DocuPrint 135MX high speed digital printer. Although a new printer will cost higher than a second hand printer, it will last longer without involving repair and maintenance costs, while in the warranty period, and it is also a fixed overhead. The only disadvantage it has is that it will potentially generate  £33,950 in revenue. This revenue, however, is the actual profit margin, which is usually accepted at approximately 20 percent profit margin, and this means that it will take the company owner at least seven years to recover his investment. It is evident from the two illustrations above that both buying a brand new and a second hand high speed digital printer will make the company incur large losses. In order to avoid these loses, I recommend that my brother should acquire the printer on a monthly leasing deal, with a get out clause built in after every year, should the machine not work well, or new versions with new technology are introduced into the market while the printer is on a leasing. Through leasing, repair and maintenance costs are incurred by the leasing company, and this will be additional overhead to be considered by the manager if he wants to buy a new

Arthur Miller and his Distorted Historical Accuracies :: American America History

Arthur Miller and his Distorted Historical Accuracies In 1953, Arthur Miller wrote his famous play The Crucible, in response to a fear of Communism that had developed in the United States during that decade. The "Red Scare", as it was later called by historians was led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose paranoia of a communist takeover spread through the nation like a wildfire. Men and women alike fell victim to McCarthy's pointed finger and as a result of this hysteria, were mostly deported from the country, their careers and lives ruined. Some argue today that McCarthy's plan had been to use the fear of the American people to throw his enemies out of office and gain power himself. Whatever McCarthy's motives may have been, Arthur Miller realized the senator's ludicracy when he attempted to accuse the President himself to be Communist. Miller and the rest of the American people drew the line and McCarthy was seen a fraud. By the time the rest of the public had came to this realization, Miller's play was written. The Crucible is a play in which Arthur Miller parallels events of the Salem witch trials of 1692 to the problems that were plaguing his own society. The statement that most readers today bring out of the play is that history has a way of repeating itself. Miller's play was an extreme hit upon release and won a Tony award. The play is so popular today that many teachers in secondary schools use it to base their lesson around when teaching their students about 1692 Salem and there are multimedia activities based on Salem through The Crucible's view. Miller is often asked to speak at events where similar "witch hunts" occur, acting as a sort of expert on the subject of Puritan Salem and acts of hysteria. The question is, why is Arthur Miller revered by so many as "the man to ask" regarding the Salem Witch trials when his play had many inaccuracies, some very obvious? Miller's play is not a historical account of the events in 1692 Salem, but rather a work of fiction. It is important to realize that what Miller wrote is not fact by revealing where his play is historically flawed. Some of the more important discrepancies are discussed below: By examining Miller's main plot relationship between characters Abigail Williams and John Proctor, we uncover many discrepancies, mainly that there was no relationship at all.

Hitchcock began his career in filming Essay

Hitchcock began his career in filming in the 1920’s. Later on he became a director, this involved changing the script or book into a film. Hitchcock used his own method of preparing the order of shots before filming, as he preconceived each shot in ‘Psycho’, ensuring that the tension was built up in a dramatic manner with a purpose, which made him very successful and led to a huge success. Hitchcock found ways to overcome censorship laws against nudity, sex and violence. He shot the film in black and white to conceal flesh/blood. Music was created to build up an atmosphere of contempt to kill, also to make the audience feel relaxed to increase the shock of certain events. The shower scene was shot in 76 cuts! So that the protagonists arms and other objects would cover up her breasts. Hitchcock’s, most impressive technique was to suggest violence instead of showing it, which made it much more dramatic. Hitchcock used techniques, which later became known as Hitchcockean techniques. He tries to emphasise a character’s view by only having one person in a shot or relating the charter to the audience. Placing objects around the room to show characters characteristics and builds up certain ideas. Hitchcock used an ongoing theme of death through out the film, using stairs to represent life at the bottom and death at the top, which instantly creates tension as soon as a shot with stair is shown. The plot begins with Marion having an affair with Sam. She is sick of sneaking around with him and is sick of her job. So one day when her boss gives her money to deposit in the bank, which she keeps for herself and decides to run away to her boyfriend, the audience have related to Marion and because of this do not think that she has done anything wrong. When se is on the road she is followed by a police officer so part-exchange’s her car for a new one, the audience starts to think that she will get caught and start to hope that she doesn’t. She then continues on her journey, but gets lost in the rain. She arrives at the Bates Motel and decides to stay there the night. She meets the owner, Norman Bates who seems a nice man, although a little nervous (to scared to say bathroom. ). He offers her tea, but his mother objects so they secretly eat in the back room. The audience have related with Marion and because of this are also unsure this helps to build up the suspense at a key point in the films. Marion then goes to have a shower, but unknowingly is watched through a peephole. She is then killed by a mystery figure, the audience then feel shocked that the main character has died. Norman finds the body and forgets about it. However Marion’s sister and Sam want to find out where she has gone so hire a private detective, who leads them to the bates motel. Psycho begins with the normal (a big city. ) and draws slowly into the abnormal (Norman and his disturbed mother. )

Tower of terror

Darkness swooped over me as the doors to death became closer. The pool of blood in which I lay was sticky and viscous almost as if gluing me to the floor. I could no longer move! Panic, fear, loneliness, pain and anger simultaneously engulfed me in streams of thought I could no longer process. What happened? How did I get here? Then it all came rushing back. â€Å"Hey Alisha wait for me!† I turned around to see my best-friend gasping as she ran behind me shouting, sweaty, red and panting with her red curly hair, bouncing as much as ever. â€Å"Hi Tanya†, I muffled as I gave my best friend a big hug. Since I started going out with Max I had rarely spent time with her. The truth is I missed her, but was totally fascinated by the new boy in town, Max. I had met him a month ago and it seemed like we were dating for years, he was an easy-going down-to-earth kind of guy, intellectual and also carried himself with a hint of mysteriousness. Most strikingly were his Spanish/Italian looks, tanned skin, which always glowed, long brown hair and the most dreamy green eyes which almost all the girls in the school had fallen for. Although he looked like he had emerged right out of the 70's, he was cuter and smarter than most of the guys in Mill Valley. He was almost too good to be true but I was not complaining, although Tanya was! â€Å"Hello stranger, so you do remember me!† Tanya said with the slightest of sarcasm followed by a big smile. â€Å"I'm really sorry I†¦I. Tanya†¦you know†¦I†, I stuttered profusely, I did not know what to say, only but a month earlier I was hanging out with her, shopping, cinemas, sleep-overs, but now we had this distance, which although I wanted to, I could not fill. â€Å"Hey I know I'm not a good kisser like Max and not half as good-looking, but hey girl I miss ya†. â€Å"I know, I know, OK what do you say we go for some ice-cream now and catch up? It's on me!† I locked my arms into hers and gave a little tug. â€Å"Are you not meeting Max?† â€Å"Max who? No girl I'll ring him and let him know†. There it was my last meeting with Tanya, we talked and talked I told her about Max and she told me about her long days without me. She was truly a drama queen. We had already had three mango and kiwi sundaes, between us and were starting on the fourth. I had just realized how much I really had missed sitting, talking and laughing with Tanya, why had I never canceled on Max before? â€Å"Are you listening to me? Alisha, Alisha snap out of it?† Tanya was clicking her fingers in my face. I finally blinked and smiled, â€Å"Tanya I love ya gal† â€Å"Back at ya sweetie, anyway before you went in to you little day-dream I was telling you, why don't we have a sleep-over today, it'll be like old times, I bought that Brad Pitt flick, so we can just hang out what do you s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tanya stopped in mid-sentence her smile fading as she looked up and then at my puzzling face. â€Å"Sounds good†¦what's wrong? Tanya you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hey babes, is this seat taken?† Max said as he slid into the seat beside me, taking my hand. â€Å"Hi Tanya, long time no see† â€Å"Hey†¦Hey Max† Tanya was always wary and almost frightened of Max, she gave a quick fake smile to him and then looked at me almost in defeat. â€Å"So what you girls been talking about? Not too much about me, I hope, anyway Aisha?† He turned to me, and instantly I was under the casts of his eyes, I wished I could hold him forever. â€Å"Hmm? Yeh?† I gulped, why did I always turn into a puddle of nerves whenever he looked at me? Why? And why was he here? I had told him I was spending the evening with Tanya, he had been disappointed but said he would live for a few hours without me! â€Å"Ok so you both wondering why I'm here, right? Alisha if you have forgotten I had something planned for you today in celebration of our one month anniversary, so I have come to kidnap you!† I looked at Max and then at Tanya, she was obviously gutted and tried to hide it as best as she could, although some tears had formed she blinked them away. â€Å"That's so sweet, Alisha, you have to go, don't worry we can do this some other time, and Max you have to stop taking her away from me† Although Tanya was half joking, her last comment was said with a bit of hurt. â€Å"I'm really sorry Tanya, I totally forgot, I promise we'll get together soon, I'll call you!† I winked at her as Max took my hand and we got up to leave. It was only after we walked out of the ice-cream parlor, I realised it was supposed to be me treating, and I had left her with the bill. I wave guilt passed me until I realised where we were walking towards. â€Å"Where†¦.where†¦where are we going?† I stammered as I saw the Trangriester Tower looming on front of me. â€Å"To your destiny honey, you'll see†, I held on to Max as tight as ever, not understanding what he meant, and felt alone and scared as the hairs on my neck stood up at the sight of the dark crooked tower. As we reached the big wooden door, I felt my hear skip a beat, what could be pleasant about this place? And what was this surprise? I knew if Tanya were here she would have took my hand and ran back to the safety of the lightened street of the town. The door creaked open just like in the movies when some stupid kids enter a haunted house. I screamed, startled, I saw a pale but very pretty girl with long straight blonde hair and big blue eyes staring right back at me. It only took a moment to realize it was my reflection in the mirror. â€Å"Max, Max where are you?† I shouted as I noticed that the warmth of his presence had left and I was standing alone in the landing of the tower. Almost as if in response, the big door slammed shut eliminating any light from outside except for the small circle windows near the stairs. I pulled the door again and again it was locked. I was beginning to wish I were with Tanya watching the Brad Pitt movie, where was Max. â€Å"Elizabeth†¦Elizabeth†¦Elizabeth† a coarse almost silent whisper was coming from upstairs, it sounded like Max, but why would he be whispering and who was Elizabeth? I walked up the stairs, which also creaked with every step I took. â€Å"R†¦Ra†¦Max this is not funny, come on lets get out of here†. I was going to kill him for this; this was just not my idea of a joke. Then out of nowhere a figure emerged in front of me. It was Max, yet his eyes were not the beautiful green that one would loose themselves in, but were almost a bloody red. â€Å"Elizabeth it's the 13th of August†¦. the day you left me, do you remember? You stole my life; you took everything and left me dying in this tower. You are a heartless witch you must die, my soul needs to rest†¦you must die† Max had an old knife which he directed right back at me. This must be a dream. What was happening? â€Å"I†¦I†¦Max†¦. I'm not Elizabeth what is wrong with you? It's me†¦what are you talking about?† â€Å"STOP LYING† Max shrieked, â€Å"Your blonde hair and blue eyes, I remember Elizabeth I remember†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and then suddenly I felt a surge of pain in my chest where he had stabbed me again and again and then he stopped. â€Å"You're not Elizabeth, I'm sorry†¦I have to find Elizabeth† then he walked away, my blue contacts had fallen out in the rush of the struggle, and now cold and scared I lay in the pool of my own blood dying, for what, I did not know. How could I have trusted him, confused and scared I lay there, I reached out to someone, but it was no one†¦No one!

Do-It-Yourself Giant Borax Crystals

Do-It-Yourself Giant Borax Crystals Giant borax crystals are perfect, whether you want to move on from borax crystal snowflakes or just want a big, beautiful crystal rock. These crystals can be grown in a geode shape or in multiple colors, making them great for mineral displays. Giant Borax Crystal Materials BoraxWaterFood coloringPipe cleaners (chenille craft sticks) Borax is sold with laundry detergents as a natural cleaner. Its also sold as an insecticide, usually as a roach killer. Check the product label for borax or sodium tetraborate. What You Do The large size of the crystals comes from two things: A structure or armature on which the crystals growControlling the cooling rate of the crystal growing solution The first thing you need to do is bend the pipe cleaners the shape you want for your crystal rock or geode. For a rock form, you can simply twist several pipecleaners end-to-end and crumple them up into a rock shape. Neatness really doesnt count because youre going to coat the entire mess with crystals. For a geode, you can spiral pipecleaners into a hollowed shell shape. Either works fine. You dont need to completely fill in the open spaces with pipecleaner fuzz, but you dont want giant gaps either.Next, find a container slightly larger than your shape. You want to be able to set the shape in the container, without having it touch the sides, with enough space that you can completely cover the form with liquid solution.Remove the shape from the container. Boil enough water to fill the container enough that it would cover your pipecleaner form. Stir in borax until it stops dissolving. One easy way to make sure you have as much borax as possible in the water is to microwave the mixture back to boiling. Add food coloring. The crystals will be lighter than the solution, so dont worry if it seems deeply colored.Place the pipecleaner shape in the solution. You may need to shake it around a bit to dislodge air bubbles to make sure it wont float.This is where the controlled cooling come into play. You want the solution to cool slowly in order to get the largest crystals. Cover the container with a towel or plate. You can wrap it in a hot towel or place it in a warm location,Allow a couple of hours for the crystals to start growing. At this point, use a spoon to dislodge the shape from the bottom of the container. You dont have to do this step, but it seems to make it easier to remove the crystals at the end if they are loosened early. Let the crystals grow several more hours or overnight.Remove the form from the container. The crystals may be perfect now or they may be fairly small and incompletely covering the shape (most common). If they are fine as they are, you can let them dry, othe rwise you need more crystals. Prepare a new solution, dissolving as much borax as you can in water, adding food coloring (doesnt have to be the same color), and sinking the crystal-covered shape. Fresh crystals will grow on the existing ones, larger and better-shaped. Again, slow cooling is key for best results.You can do another round of crystal-growing or finish the project whenever you are satisfied with the crystal size. Let the crystal dry on a paper towel.If you want to preserve the crystals to display them, you can coat them with floor wax or nail polish.

Legal Issues in the Criminal Justice Administration Research Paper

Legal Issues in the Criminal Justice Administration - Research Paper Example Eventually, they credited her good work in the sexual assault unit and considered as â€Å"one of the boys.† Officer Rowdy uses colorful language when dealing with fellow officers. One day, following a brutal child sexual assault investigation, she joined with fellow officers to the bar and got pretty drunk. The males called Rowdy a â€Å"jap† and laughing about J-date and in returned, Rowdy joked about circumcised versus uncircumcised males. She seemed not offended. Rowdy’s immediate supervisor was with them and he blatantly told her that she can be promoted as a detective provided she will do something sexual for him. Offended, she called him several derogatory names and he left her alone, but not before he called her a â€Å"disgusting Jew.† A week later, a neighbour of the bar where the officers were drinking reported to the Sheriff that her officers were an embarrassment to the town and that there was one female officer who was particularly offensive because she was using foul language and telling sexually explicit jokes with the male officers. The Sheriff called Rowdy’s attention and investigated her about the incident. The Sheriff apparently considered her for the detective division but professed having second thought as complaint was mounted. Rowdy explicated that she endured verbal abuse from her fellows and perceived that she tolerated it so that she will not get fired. She related the supervisor’s offer of a promotion and the offensive Jewish jokes she’s had to put up since starting the job. She does not want to lose her job and don’t want to alienate fellow officers as they might retaliate and shun her again. She asked if this incident happened because of her Jewish religious practic e which has become a subject of amusement for fellow officers. c. If she disciplines Officer Rowdy for her behaviour in the bar to satisfy the citizen complaint, will she have a legitimate claim against the Sheriff? If she is

The intercaction between business and the external environment - Pest Essay

The intercaction between business and the external environment - Pest Amalysis - Essay Example With competition in the food and drinks retail market becoming stiffer in the UK market, the company has come up with strategy of increasing its retail outlet in other parts of the world as a way of maintaining growth in the market. The company has set out four manning goals which have been a source of it strong in the market n and also source of growth. (T-online, 2008) Tesco is one of the largest retail chains in the industry holding more than 30% of the market share in the UK which has been seen as dominance in the sector. The supermarket accounts for 1 of every 8 pounds that are spent by UK shoppers in food and drinks industry. Currently the store has more than 400,000 employees in all its retail outlets. It has integrated the interest of different stakeholders in its goals and objective which have been the growth point. The company and an initial goal of becoming a strong UK core business. In this regard the company had set out a goal of growing in the external world but with a special focus of the UK market. In the last few years the industry had been record marginal growth but Tesco had been recording massive growth in its operation. This has been through given customers value for their money and offering cheaper products. Since it was established the company set out goals of becoming strong food and nonfood earlier in the UK market. These were two industrial sectors that were growing very fast in the consumer world and therefore the initial targets were aimed at reaching to all the market segments that dealt with these goods. Since then it has grown to be the largest online retailer in the world with more that 1 millions customer in the word. The company also set goal of diversifying its operations in the external market and a 30% of the stores are found out side the UK and the company has been having a plan of increasing it to 45% of their markets by investing in Central Europe and Asia. The company also set out a

Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Marketing - Essay Example Hart (1990) stated that recruiting a new customer costs five times than to keep current customers happy and content. This statement holds great value in every sense as organizations often try hard to keep customers happy by offering great services. At the same time, organizations have service recovery tools that help in gaining customers loyalty and trust back. Service recovery tools often help in enhancing customer’s retention by properly responding to service failures. The assignment aims at highlighting the impact of service failure on the business along with developing a service recovery model based on understanding and empowering customers. The organization chosen for this purpose is Tiger Airways Australia based in Melbourne, Victoria. In the past, Tiger Airways has received a number of complaints ineffective customer care service, flight delays and improper handling of grievances. This can be considered as a serious service failure offering a reason to be dissatisfied a nd frustrated with the services being offered. The analysis would help in understanding and analyzing the ways through which service failure can be addressed using service recovery tools in an effective and efficient manner helping the organization to win customer’s trust and loyalty back. An Overview of the Organization Tiger Airways Australia is a low cost airlines based in Melbourne, Australia. It started its operations in the year 2007 with strong focus on domestic markets. The organization has been performing well but not that well to compete with other competitors because of serious problems pertaining to the services being offered. As per the Bureau of infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics in Australia, Tiger Airways have consistently lower percentage of on-time arrival and departure with high percentage of cancellations. Tiger Airways also used marketing strategies to boost its sales figures and presence across the country through an advertisement campaign named â€Å"The Low Fare Revolution†. Tiger Airways have been hit by a number of criticisms pertaining to its services and can be considered as an ideal organization to analyze the concepts of service failure and recovery. Concept of Service Failure When organizations offer services to customers, the only motive is to make them feel good and content with the offered services. Customers also have pre-conceived and experienced notions on services and when these notions do not match with the services being offered; it is termed as a service failure. Service failure often frustrates customers along with making them change the service provider. It creates negative a negative impact on the business activities along with offering an edge to customers. It needs to be mentioned that service failure is bound to happen and organizations are supposed to be good enough to tackle service failures. Tiger Airways have been accused of poor customer service and high rate of cancellation. Furth er, the support and guidance from the management is almost negligible that has reduced the satisfaction level of customers. The service recovery tools that could have been of great help in dealing with service failures have been discussed in the following part in an analytical manner. Service Recovery and its Importance

Computational Fluid Dynamic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computational Fluid Dynamic - Assignment Example It can be used by architects to produce 3D models of their buildings, by engineers to model the production of their outputs and also by designers to improve the aerodynamics of the cars. a. Please list the governing equations of fire simulation and explain the physical meaning of each equation. To solve the equations, do we need to consider boundary conditions? Give three typical boundary condition examples. b. Explain the reasons why CFD codes are written in low speed solver and high speed solvers. A student is simulating an object flying at a velocity of 290m/s in the air using FDS6. Can this student obtain acceptable results and why? (7 marks) The reason why CFD codes are written in low speed solvers and high speed solvers is because the simulation and analysis of the of the flow models is dependent on a number of factors which include the geometry of the model, the size, the velocity and the mesh size of the model. FDS6 solver cannot be used to simulate an object flying at a velocity of 290m/s in the air since this is a relatively high speed and the FDS6 solver is only designed for low speeds making it unsuitable. c. What is background pressure used in FDS? Can different rooms have different background pressures? Please explain using a formula and define two pressure zones using FDS input instructions. (6 marks) The background pressure component can be said to be the background pressure component that is assumed to be applied to the whole domain of computation. A single department assumption was made in the old versions of FDS while new versions of FDS5 make the assumption that the background pressure of the whole system is not the same throughout the whole computational domain but it rather differs from one compartment to the other (Ferziger and Peric, 2006). The value of the pressure can be estimated by decomposing the above equation into perturbation and the background pressure. If one of the volumes of the computational domain is

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories Critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology. When studying the history of sociology, it is evident that the perspective of male scholars and theorists has been much more prevalent than that of females and has had a greater influence on the nature of society today. In patriarchal society, men have made their own knowledge and their own gender representative of the whole of humanity (Daly, 1973;8, cited in Spender, 1981). The most dominant theorists who pioneered sociology during their time, were males such as Durkheim and Weber, regardless of the fact that they had many female contemporaries (such as Webers wife, Marianne, who became a feminist and writer) who at the same points in history, had developed theories and conducted research of their own. This essay will aim to critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from this history, and will attempt to show arguments both for and against this statement. The exclusion of women in the history of the sociological field can only be fully understood when examining the exclusion of women in the history of society as a whole. For example in late 19th century England, women were not recognised as individuals. They were confined to the private and domesticated world, where they were unnoticed by public society. Some women did engage in more public activities, although there were restrictions, such as the factory legislation, which limited the involvement of women in the industrial sector. Men held formal power over the family, and women were confined to the private sphere of society and were excluded from the public sphere where they enjoyed few of the same benefits and privileges as men (Eisenstein, 1986). As during the 19th and 20th centuries, the dominant role of women was involved in the private sector rather than the public, this could perhaps have lead to the exclusion of women in sociological history. This meant that sociologists at the time were unable to conduct research on women, as they were unaware of the exact roles of women in this sector of society had. Additionally, at this point in history there were many other aspects of society that were to be observed, for example the industrial revolution. This created many changes in the lives of the working classes, and as such a majority of the work force was male, this only aided in the exclusion of women, as they were unavailable for observation by sociologists. It is because of this, that sociologists who sought information on working classes were unable to obtain sufficient information on the female workforce and accurately represent women. Instead they could only describe the working classes as being predominantly male and b ased the majority of theories on this (Spender, 1981). In 1865 Mill became a member of the House of Commons and fought for womens suffrage, and fought to amend the laws that gave husbands control over their wives money and property (Eisenstein, 1986). Such suppression is also evident in other sectors of society, for example women have been encouraged to specialise in less prestigious areas than men, and areas which are least likely to be thought of as preparation for any academic career (Roberts and Woodward, 1981). The omission of women from the expansion of knowledge in academic fields such as social and physical or natural sciences has been documented (Roberts and Woodward, 1981), this illustrating the lack of female perspective and lack of acknowledgement of females in academic fields. The majority of knowledge in our society is that documented and discovered by men, although has been passed off as the knowledge of mankind as they claim it is representative of the whole of humanity. The views of men have become the legitimate view of society as a whole (Spender, 1981). Even the knowledge that society has of women, is not from a female perspective, but that of male scholars. It is also men who controlled the media outlets, such as womens magazines in the 1950s, which dictated to women their expected roles and behaviours and according to Betty Friedan, was so influential in shaping their lives (cited in Spender, 1985). From more recent investigation, it seems that employment prospects of women in social sciences have yet to see much improvement (Roberts et al., 1981). Beard (1946, cited in Spender, 1981), insisted that women had actively contributed to the development of society throughout history, however as womens contributions to society had been ignored for so long, this only makes it easier for this to continue and also reinforces womens poor self image (Spender, 1981). It has been argued that women need to prove themselves to be better than their male counterparts in any field before they can be accepted. It is perhaps for this reason that there is little documentation on what women did in the past (Spender, 1981). However, throughout history women seem to have played a lesser role in times of crisis and revolution in comparison to men. For this reason Hexter argued that historians were concerned with the process of social change and that since women did not play a decisive role in such proce sses, they were not the legitimate subject of history (Spender, 1981; 55). In other words, the patriarchal society of this time did not see the actions of women to contribute significantly enough to deserve historical mention. Evidence of the continuation of this Despite the majority of sociologists, during times of the industrial revolution, focusing for the most part on the lives of the working classes (or in other words, working class men) Margaret Hewitt (1958, cited in Spender, 1981) was writing about the behaviours and experiences of wives and mothers in the Victorian industrial era. Even before this, Pearl Jephcott (1949, cited in Spender, 1981) wrote on Girls Growing Up which remains a classic text in sociology. This would suggest evidence against the exclusion of women in sociological history, as there were sociologists who were writing about them. Although these sociologists mentioned were themselves, women, and as previously described, the patriarchal society of the time did not see the opinions of women to be as important as that of men. Therefore it can be said that whist the place of women in society, and their lives, was acknowledged by female sociologists, as it is a male dominated field, their works were not to be regarded highly amongst their male counterparts. In identifying this, it can also be realised that the majority of well known female sociologists, are those which discuss the roles and lives of women, over that of men. Their stance on sociology, is that from a feminist viewpoint, rather than adopting the theories of the classical sociologists, such as Marx or Durkheim. Female sociologists who take these view points are to be forever in the shadows of the original male theorists, where as female sociologists who write and research under the principles of the feminist movement seem much more likely to gain wider recognition for their work. To conclude this essay it can be seen that women were not fully excluded from the history of sociology, as there were other women who wrote about them and documented their place in society. However at the same time they did not receive the same recognition as males in society did and were not seen to have such a significant role in the history of society. Therefore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology is largely true as their work and input have been much less appreciated and acknowledged in comparison to men of the same time. Jessie Bernard (1972, cited in Roberts et al., 1981) asked not what sociology can do for women, but rather what women can do for sociology. It can be seen that in the sociological field there is a definite bias towards the presence of men in society, both as subjects and as researchers, whilst that which involves women receives much less recognition. After all, the founding fathers of sociology, are the founding fathers and not the founding mothers (Spender, 1981). References: Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism. Boston: Notheastern University Press Roberts, H. and Woodward, D. (1981). Changing patterns of womens employment in sociology: 1950-80. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), pp. 531-546. Blackwell Publishing [Online] available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/590132?seq=1 Spender, D. (1985). For The Record. London: The Womens Press Limited Spender, D. (ed). (1981). Mens studies modified. Oxford: Pergamon Press Limited

Conflict is a Major Issue in Othello Essays -- shakespeare, Literary An

Conflict is a major issue in Othello, the source for all the problems in the story all lead back to love and jealousy. Love can be an extremely powerful thing in life. It can easily draw two people closer together or simply destroy something that could have been great. Ironically similar, jealousy can tear something apart just as fast as love can. This timeless tragedy starts out in Venice, with a plot to attain revenge on Othello. Iago and Roderigo are simply jealous with the fact that Othello has promoted Cassio to his lieutenant instead of Iago, along with the bitterness they both shared towards Othello to begin with (Shakespeare for Students, Othello). Together, Iago and Roderigo have come up with a plan to ultimately push Othello over the edge. For starters, Cassio unwillingly has told Iago that he is capable to be easily intoxicated and well obviously Iago uses this information against Cassio. Long story short, Cassio has stirred up a brawl to which in the long run costs him his new status as lieutenant. After all of this goes down Iago, trying to seem like the concerning friend, convinces Cassio to speak with Desdemona, Othello’s new bride, about the situation. Luckily, so Cassio thinks, Desdemona does such and tries to talk with Othello to have his dear friend reinstated. It is possible for people to make mistake. Once again Iago uses Cassio’s ignorance against him. All through the story almost every little detail and event all leads back to the scheme of Iago. Iago is thinking this could not work out better for me, so his next thought of process is that this conversation between Othello and his dear wife Desdemona will make Othello’s mind play tricks on him. Soon there after Othello is advised to keep closer watch of hi... ...or example when she asked him to tell her how much he loved her, â€Å"If it be love indeed, tell me how much†. Her maids add a little to Cleopatra’s characteristics. Also she had a messenger go to Antony saying she was dead, which she was not.Cleopatra’s character is so exotic and proud to be able to manipulate men but Desdemona is a complete opposite. Betrayal is the other ultimate theme of both of these tragedies. In Othello, he betrays Desdemona by believing the evil Iago and not communicating with his wife. He instead assumes Iago’s statements are of truth. We see Iago’s slyness and cleverness grow and a vapid rate, Desdemona’s innoncence becomes more apparent and Othello’s character galls from a noble warrior into a jealous fool. Iago is the source of the problems in Othello. He has motivation to ruin dear Othello because of the promotion Cassio gets instead of Iago.

Architectural Design of Religious Temples

Abstraction Over clip new innovations and finds have taken topographic point in conveying promotion to engineering. So the society, people, and their outlook gets adapted to the technological promotion. The things used by them acquire modified, so make their gustatory sensations. Similarly there is besides a immense alteration in the environment, architecture, the infinites they use, the type of nutrient they have, etc. Sing these alterations in the society, there is besides a immense alteration in the manner a TEMPLE ; a topographic point of worship is related to the society. Over centuries the temples’ map changed from a societal establishment to a topographic point of community assemblage, though there is no considerable alteration in its design. Is it due to imitation of the architectural signifier from one coevals to other? Does this piece of architecture Tells us about the society of this period as other pieces of architecture make? Make it still show the promotion in the engineering? Is it still run under high backing? This thesis attempts to consider upon these issues and to get on a solution on how a modern-day temple should look like. Introduction In Hinduism ‘TEMPLE’ ( mandir ) is a construction that houses the Gods ( Encyclopaedia ) . It was designed to be used as a focal point for all facets of life, viz. , spiritual, cultural, educational and societal. It helps a visitant to exceed from his universe so that he connects with the supreme authorization, the GOD. They are besides taken as topographic points of enlightenment and release. Hence the rules of planing temples were derived maintaining everything in head. Initially the temple did work the manner it was designed to be. A piece of architecture is said to reflect the clip and the type of society to which it belongs. There is a alteration in everything around us. We started populating and working in multi floor flats with glass frontages go forthing behind the huts and cottages. But a considerable alteration in temples is non witnessed. After the development of the temple typology, subsequently was merely imitation or embroidery. ‘In existent universe of architectural building, temples were built by imitation: one coevals copying the predecessor or one challenger designer, but ever with some minor alterations to maintain client involvement alive.’ ( Oijevaar, 2007 ) IMPORTANCE OF TEMPLE IN THE PAST A Temple was one time the most of import edifice in the society. It proved to be the godly power, the tallest edifice in the society. The male monarch paid backing to the building of it. It besides symbolised the power and profusion of the land. Hence, a immense land was allocated and a immense sum of money was commissioned in the building. Lot of Masons, applied scientists, sculpturers and laborers were engaged in its design and executing. The devising of a temple was a large carnival which continued over old ages depending on the hugeness of the temple. There are temples that were built over the reins of two to three dynasties. The devising of temple was besides a manner of employment in the land. DESIGN DERIVATION Temples marked the passage of the Vedic faith into Hinduism. The impression of symbolizing everything of import with a human figure and devising graven images to idolize them led to the outgrowth of a TEMPLE. Initially the typology was inspired from the Buddhist architecture. The first singular temple, the Durga Temple at Aiholi was said to be a chaitya hall with a peep on the top. The impression of ‘cave in a mountain’ was imitated by the designers of that period which led to the development of an interior sanctum or garbha griha, a topographic point where the graven image was placed. A pillared hall known as mandapa was designed in forepart of it so that people can stand and idolize. Hence the initial temple was merely a edifice made as a reproduction of a cave in a mountain with merely two suites viz. garbha griha for the graven image and a mandapa for other activities severally. These were square suites ( square taken as a sanctum form harmonizing to vastu shastra ) covered with a slab above so that the fans are non disturbed by any external elements. The illustrations of such temples are found in assorted topographic points around Karnataka ( Aihole ) which was taken as the topographic point of experimentation for temple architecture. After the development of the basic program type in Aihole, now the job emerged in giving it a proper form so that it becomes a brilliant piece of architecture so that it overpowers the society. Hence the demand of a ascendant characteristic in the edifice emerged which subsequently gave rise to a perpendicular shrine or shikara. In initial illustrations one can detect shikara merely on the garbha griha with a level roof on the mandapa but in class of clip the level roof on mandapa was besides replaced by a shikara ( smaller than that on the garbha griha ) . Slowly the priest started populating following to the temple, the school ( Veda patashala ) where younger male childs were taught Vedas besides became a map of the temple which led to the development of more figure of little suites around the temple. Besides the maps like amusement in footings of dance or/and music public presentations for God, the topographic point to feed people with the prasadam led to development of more figur e of mandapas. The temple with its mandapas, other little divinities ( by and large somehow related to the chief divinity ) , pundits’’ house, Veda patashala, temple armored combat vehicle, etc. came to be known as temple composite. Finally a immense wall was built around it to safeguard the topographic point allotted to temple with an entryway besides known as gopuram. Besides the temples were developed in a manner that it gives a ocular banquet to the visitant come ining it so that he enters into a different universe mentally. This is done by planing the insides of temple and adorning them with sculptures, pictures and letterings from assorted books like bagawadgita, Ramayana, etc. Though the development seemed to be really common all over the state, the facet of regionalism has played an of import function in the development of a temple’s design. Hence many differences have been noticed in the assorted temples of different parts. One known as the north Indian or the Nagara had a different attack of planing compared to the 1 of South Indian or the Dravidian. Still the indispensable characteristics of design viz. garbha griha, mandapa, shikara remain to be present in both the manners though they appeared otherwise. Footing: Vimana/ Prasada/ Shrine: ‘The shrine proper is termed asVimana( measured out ) in the southern context, the northern equivalent beingPrasada( castle ; literally place of the divinity ) ’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . It contains a sanctum,garbha griha,normally square. While some early shrines seem to hold been level roofed, aNagaraorDravidashrine has a superstructure as an built-in portion. The inside of the ace construction is seldom accessible, and sometimes filled with solid and rubble. Shrines may be rectangular, apsidal, round or octangular. However thegarbha grihaby and large remains in square form, except for the rectangular shrines. Most of the programs are square or square generated giving importance to the four central waies. Generally square generated extraneous programs undergo maximal figure of projections and germinate towards a more marked cardinal accent. Garbha Griha: The interior sanctum is known asgarbha griha.Thegarbha grihais a little dark room in which the graven image is placed. Derived from the construct of ‘cave in a mountain’ .It is by and large square or derivative of square in form. Not accessible for general public, private infinite of God. Mandapa/Jagmohana: All the shrines have a porch which allows people or the god retainers to transport out their activities known asmandapa. Amandapamight be a closed one or an unfastened porch. The closedmandapasget light through the door ways. The figure of room accesss to themandapamay change from one to three. In add-on to it the thick walls ofmandapashold bright holes of rock traceries as Windowss for the visible radiation to perforate interior. Sometimes light pouches are besides given in the roof of the construction. The visible radiation entered here reflects from the floor and reaches the ceiling making a Godhead consequence inside the mandapa. Hence the ceilings are carved in most of the mandapas. Themandapaswere constructed in station and beam building merely copying the wooden architecture that existed before. The distance between the columns depended on the length of the rock which itself is dependent on the class and distance of the prey. Spans barely exceeded 2.5m. The initialmandapas( 6Thursday-7Thursdaycenturies ) had level roofs where a rock was laid out as a ceiling with a few carvings from indoors so as to make a sophisticated consequence. From 8Thursdaycentury onwards the mandapas started reflecting the shrine itself though in a relatively smaller graduated table. A cardinal bay started ruling the program which besides acts as the axis. ‘corbelled construction- the method of stepping horizontal classs increasingly frontward to cover a infinite, prevented from tumbling by the weight of masonry pressing down at the rear- developed well from the 10Thursdaycentury’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . Pradakshina patha: The circumambulatory way one takes around the temple in a clockwise way is termed aspradakshina.Here the outside of the sanctum conveys the thought of an interior temple. For this particularly a way is built around the temple with rocks and this way is known aspradakshina patha.It is believed to be a frightened way. It is taken in clockwise way as suns way is clockwise. Natya mandapa: In ulterior clip there were a legion editions in a temple. The temple started developing more as a societal establishment ; therefore things like amusement besides became the portion of its rites. To go on these rites a different mandapa, by and large connected or a stand-alone construction in forepart of the jagmohana was built. This mandapa is known asnatya mandapa. There is a immense alteration in the manner thenatya mandapawas built when we compare fromlingarajtokonark. It has seen a immense development due to the addition of the undertaking size or backing. Bhog mandapa: Amandapawas besides designed in the later temples where people can sit and hold theprasadamof the temple. Basically they are pillared halls with attractively carved pillars where people sit and eat.Bhogsignificanceprasadamis how the name of it has been arrived. This is non normally found in big figure of temples. A characteristic nowadays in developedNagaratemples fromlingarajtopuri. It disappeared afterpuriinkonark. Gopuram: The entryway gateway of a temple is known asgopuram. It was ab initio a grade able construction, smaller than the shrine proper to tag the entryway to a temple. Over clip it evolved to be the most of import construction and hence its size increased. The tallest and the most brilliantgopuramsare seen inmeenakshitempleMadurai, where thegopuramexpressions like commanding the nature around.Gopuramsare by and large found inDravidiantemples. Coming toNagaratemples, agopuramwas found inmukteswar, but in farther development it merely disappeared. NAGARA: This typology is fundamentally defined to possess curvilineal steeples with square programs. After the experimentation of the basic design in Aihole, the farther development of this typology happened in Odisha near Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar became the experimentation land. The first noteworthy temple here is known asparasurameswar,a temple devoted for the GodShivabuilt in 7Thursdaycentury AD. ‘The temple has a level roofed rectangular pillared hall known asjagmohanaattached to atri-rathadeul( sanctum ) , which carried a chunky heavy- shoulderedshikara.The carvings are known for their appeal and inactive volume’ ( ASI ) . Following remark-able development is marked by the temple of mukteswara, built in 10Thursdaycentury AD with the debut of a gopuram and a boundary wall to the temple. Mukteswara is defines as ‘a dream realised in sandstone’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) , ‘a treasure in Odishan architecture’ ( ASI ) . Elegantly decorated from top to bottom it is designed with a low heighted boundary wall and an entrywaytorana. This temple is known for its sculptural beauty and besides its archeological promotion. From the level roof over the Jagmohana it is developed into a pyramidic deul. This was achieved by little corbelling of the rocks, yet it was an achievement thought of the clip it was designed. The deul is pancha ratha on program and stands on a low platform. The peda deul ( pyramidic shikara ) has two latticed Windowss on north and South, where the outer most portion of the window depicts humourous scenes of a monkey’s life. The ceiling of jagmohana is intentionally carved in the signifier of a blown Nelumbo nucifera. The pillars of this temple are really much noteworthy. The debut of serpent pillars, alleviation figures and statuettes,gaja simhason pilasters was all new. Thetorana, known asmakara toranahas two crocodiles’ caputs both towards two different sides and their dress suits run intoing each other. The carvings of different goddess besides present on it. The cellar of the pillars back uping the arch, square in subdivision contains on each face a illumination temple flanked at the top bygaja simhas. The sixteen- sided shafts consist each of four blocks of rock of which the topmost has cringles of pearl strings hanging down from the oral cavities of row ofkritti mukhasabove. The following temple that marked a singular development is the temple of Raja- Rani. Though it went a small off in the development procedure, it still has its ain part in the development of Nagara typology. The full Shiva temples end with the name of ishwar ex. Parasurameswar, mukteswara, etc. there is a narrative behind the name of this temple. This temple was expected to be a pleasance resort for the male monarch and the queen as the graven image is losing but M.M.Ganguly justly rejects it by speaking about the absence of the stallss, out houses, etc. ‘ The name Raja-Rani has been derived from really all right grain xanthous sandstone known as Raja Rani in common parlance’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Due to the missing of the divinity inside the temple, there are still confusions if the temple was dedicated to lord Shiva or Godhead Vishnu. ‘The subsequently milepost in development, the temple of Ananth Vasudev being a Vaishnavite temple and on the scrutiny ‘khura pristha’ or the upper pedestal carved as it is with the petals of Nelumbo nucifera it appears that the temple was meant for being dedicated to Vishnu’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Hence there is no verification on the divinity of this temple. The torana that appeared in mukteswara was lost by the clip Raja Rani was made. There is non much difference in the program signifier. The deul is a pancha ratha program that stands on a certain pedestal. In line following is theVaishnavitetemple, the temple of Vishnu in the signifier of lord Krishna known asAnanth Vasudev. Here two newmandapashave seen to be emerged in the regular program signifier. By so the function of temple in a society has drastically increased. The more now became more of a societal establishment instead than merely a spiritual topographic point. Hence the maps like amusement, contribution, etc. have come into the temple premises increasing the graduated table of the temple and giving rise to thenatyaandBhog mandapas. All thesemandapaswere covered by a pyramidaldeul ( pida deul ), except for therekha deulon thegarbha griha.Rekha deulis tallest of all with diminishing tallness of eachdeulin order. In programLingarajtemple was really similar toAnanth Vasudevbut it is ashaivitetemple. The program signifier has evolved to the proper extent inAnanth Vasudevand as clip passed the hugeness of the temple increased.Lingarajis the most noteworthy temple all over Odisha. It stands a mid of a legion little shrines. LikeAnanth Vasudevit has a three Chamberss frontal portion consisting ofjagmohana,natya mandapaandBhog mandapa. There are clear groundss that the other threemandapasare ulterior add-on to the bing construction though there is a continuance of sculptures found. Switching from Bhubaneswar the following singular temple was built in puri normally known asJagannath mandir.For the first clip a temple was designed in the signifier of a chariot. Chariot being the vehicle of God, the temples besides have taken the signifier of a chariot. This temple has a garbha griha, jagmohana, natya and Bhog mandapas placed on a ratha. The ratha was fundamentally a raised platform with wheels carved on it. The graduated table of the temple was immense compared to Lingaraj, though the program signifier remained the same. A composite was designed for it with boundary walls and a proper entryway manner was provided. Inside the complex were legion little shrines dedicated to different Gods along with the chief shrine. Konark temple defined as the ‘black pagoda’ ( Behra, 2007 ) is situated in Konark, a topographic point near Bhubaneswar. The graduated table of the temple is really immense compared to the remainder of the edifices of that epoch. It is considered as one of the best in footings of technological promotion of that clip. Coming to the program signifier, this temples’ signifier is a small different compared to the Jagannath mandir, though it is besides designed to be a chariot. A chariot of the Sun God which had 12 braces of wheels carved out on its pedestal. Over the chariot are the garbha griha and the jagmohana. A natya mandapa remains to be a standalone construction in the composite. The complex contains other smaller shrines along with the chief shrine. All these temples represented the clip in which they were built. They represented the society, the profusion of the land, and the technological promotion of that clip which is non precisely what the temples of day-to twenty-four hours represent. Further I would wish to travel through the development in Dravidian typology, refer to the designing of temples today and there relation with society and engineering and would wish to stop with the parametric quantities required in planing a modern-day temple. Mentions Online lexicon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thefreedictionary.com/Temple ) Oijevaar K.J, September 2007, The South Indian Hindu temple constructing design system on the architecture of shilpa shastra and the Dravidian manner, Delft University of engineering, Netherlands, pg.4 Karuna Sagar Behra, 1993, Temples of Orissa, Orissa sahitya academy Krishna Chandra Panigrahi, 1961, Archaeological remains at Bhubaneswar, Kitab Mahal, pg.87-101 Adam Hardy, 2007, The temple architecture of India, John Willey and Sons ltd. Britain, pg.90-105 Karuna Sagar Behra, 2005, Konark – The Black Pagoda, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & A ; Broadcasting, Government of India