Overpopulation Essays (700 words) - Demography, Population

Overpopulation Renegotiate now mortgage holder regardless of whether you have awful credit. 185 loc Overpopulation During the initial 2 million or so years of its history the human populace was a minor component on the planet biological system, with at most 10 million individuals. In the New Stone Age, under 10,000 a long time back, the quantity of people started to build all the more quickly. The harsh balance kept up before Neolithic occasions gave way when the human populace created agribusiness and creature cultivation and no longer needed to spread out looking for game. With the relinquishment of a chasing gathering way of life and the ascent of perpetual settlements and in the end urban areas, the human populace experienced emotional development. By the start of the Christian period it had arrived at 250 million, and by 1650, a large portion of a billion. Development of populace during twentieth century was fast. In 1994 the complete total populace was evaluated at 5.6 billion individuals. It expanded almost by 4 billions of individuals during recent years. The most noteworthy world pattern is that passing rates are at present falling in poor and rich nations the same, while birthrates remain high in most poor nations and low in most rich ones. Special cases are the for the most part higher passing paces of Africa and the high birthrates of the rich oil-delivering nations. The most crowded nations, in plunging request, are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, and Russia. The U.S. populace totaled about 260.8 million of every 1994. During the 1990s about 4.1 million youngsters were conceived every year in the United States, and that's only the tip of the iceberg than 2.1 million people kicked the bucket yearly. The more prominent number of births is expected to some degree to a ripeness rate that has expanded by almost 20 percent since the mid-1980s. Global migration, both lawful and unlawful, is another significant component in U.S. populace development. Lawful movement has as of late added up to around 1 million every year; illicit movement is thought to be a few hundred thousand. In China, the world's most crowded nation, the 1994 populace was evaluated at almost 1.2 billion, more than twofold the 1953 enumeration populace of 584 million in territory China. China's yearly increment has been evaluated at 1.1 percent every year. India's populace of more than 911.6 million individuals (1994 est.) is expanding quicker than that of China, and if present patterns proceed, it will before long find or on the other hand outperform China. Since the breaking down of the USSR, Indonesia and Brazil are currently the fourth and fifth most crowded nations, with 1994 assessed populaces of 199.7 million and 155.3 million, individually. 6th positioned Russia has about 147.8 million individuals (1994 est.). It has a negative common increment pace of - 0.2 percent, practically identical to the low or negative rates found all through Europe. The number juggling is straightforward. Our seas can gracefully a constrained measure of fish. Homestead creation is restricted by the measure of accessible land. When human interest for food, vitality, and different materials surpasses maintainable levels, further increment in our populace will imply that we each will get less and less and less. Today I will enlighten you concerning the most populated nation on the planet, China. Chinese populace surpasses 1.1 billion individuals. 13% of individuals in China live in 52 significant urban communities. City boulevards are frequently stuffed with individuals, bikes, vehicles, transports and different sorts of transportation. Most Chinese individuals live in the open country. They plant rice and other crops, get fish, and do numerous different occupations. In spite of the fact that there numerous individuals who live in the open country, yet work in urban areas. Chinese are hard and great working individuals. Like you can see from the last section, China is looking great so far, however its quickly developing populace can prevent China from accomplishing an elevated requirement of living. China stays one of the universes most unfortunate countries notwithstanding its huge gains in industry and horticulture since 1950. To control quick populace development, the administration propelled a gigantic battle the mid-seventies to urge youngsters to wed late and to have not many kids. In 1980's, the administration required an objective family size of three, and acquainted numerous laws with limit number of youngsters to one, in unique conditions, two. These measures assisted with easing back populace development drastically. In any case, China keeps on having around 18 millions more new mouths to take care of every year - a hurl channel to its assets. Book reference: 1996 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia Terrains and People 2 China Brain research today Jan/Feb 95 volume 28 issue 1 1996 World Book 1995 Americana Encyclopedia

Promoting health for child and young adult Case Study

Advancing wellbeing for kid and youthful grown-up - Case Study Example The point of this exploration is to evaluate the medicinal services prerequisites and requirements babies and with regards to giving a high caliber of life for babies through nursing. So as to achieve this end, the accompanying finishes will be investigated: There are various discussions about when arrangement covers babies. The privilege to the premature birth of embryos infers that the extent of the laws securing kids is to some degree controlled and constrained by the privileges of guardians to conclude whether to have babies or not (Ballatt and Campling, 2009). Notwithstanding, rights are conceded to babies structure the belly through the way that medicinal services offices are required to take sensible consideration to guarantee that children are isolated from infectious maladies that could spread from moms and practices like smoking that could antagonistically influence babies. The real work and commitment towards giving these kids care lies with social insurance suppliers and this incorporate master care practice wellbeing medical caretakers (SCPHN) who may have the commitment to give care at the office and catch up with visits a short time later (Dolan and Holt, 2012). These wellbeing visits and different exercises by SCPHN will include watching different standards and guidelines and guaranteeing that care is taken so as to dissect the infants and give their necessities (Luker, Orr, and McHugh, 2012; Bridgemann, Keating, and Lind, 2013). The SCPHN is limited by the codes of the NMC which incorporate giving consideration in compliance with common decency by regarding the requirements surprisingly remembering the infants and their moms for request to shield their wellbeing and security. There are NICE practices which incorporate keeping up certain particular measures in advancing the best possible consideration of infants from birth through to the initial five years through great, financially savvy quiet consideration just as the utilization of treatment and avoidance (National Institue for Health and Care Excellence, 2013). Likewise, the Healthy Child Program of the UK government gives a scope of direction that prompts care among social insurance

How to Cite in an Essay Properly

How to Cite in an Essay Properly Citation in an academic essay bears paramount importance because citations work as the valid supportive evidence against the arguments you have placed in your write-up. This is the way an essay writer incorporates the validation of resources to improve the scale of authenticity in a write up. Overall, there are many citation styles such as MLA, APA, Harvard, Oxford, OSCOLA, Chicago/Turabian, BlueBook, etc. This article focuses on three types of citation styles and these are MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. There are three motivations for using citation in essay for knowing how to cite in essay. These are: Offering a clear and authentic roadmap for the readers to study and research more on the topic of thee paper This citation prevents the risk of plagiarism as the writer provides author’s credit by citing resources Ensures the authenticity of the writer about his/her diligence on research on an academic topic. However, the most interesting parts of citing in essay are variation in citing style, which you need to know while scripting your research paper. Let’s take a quick and precise look how APA, MLA, and Chicago style works, respectively to manage the task of understanding how to cite in essay. Citing essay in MLA style It is easy and interesting to know the tips for learning how to cite an essay in MLA format. The prime clues are: You need to be competent to identify the two prime components of citation: citing in text and citing at the end of the paper, in the reference list. You need to match in text citation and bibliography. In the MLA writing style, in-text citations come as concluding parts of the sentence. The period that finishes the sentence comes after the parenthetical reference. In-text citations are mostly parenthetical, which means it can add info to the end of a sentence in a parenthesis. Under MLA style, you may need to control in-text citations if you have various sources from an author. You should incorporate the first initial if you have authors with the same name. You need to include different information for essays published in journals. MLA style is used in academic papers, journals, research papers, and as whole by recommendation of school/college or university. Citing essay in APA APA stands for the American Psychological Association, but its used in writing the research papers and classroom assignments from the niches of social sciences, business, as well as about nursing. Special needs of this citing style are to decipher how to cite an essay in APA format: The style demands due inclusion of date of publication along with writer and his work in the citation The page number should always be included for direct quotations, while for indirect quotes, only the author’s name and year should be indicated The order in the parenthetical expression always goes as follows: (Author, Year, Page) The style helps to distinguish in-text amid multiple sources by the same author. Citing essay in Chicago style’s note bibliography system Chicago style of citing or the clues for those interested in how to cite an essay in Chicago format are posted here. This formatting style is globally famous for its flexibility and user friendliness. Unlike APA and MLA, Chicago style is writers’ favorite because of availability of two easy options in its writing style. These two styles are: The notes-bibliography system: used in the humanities (literature, history, and the arts). It offers notes at the bottom of the page, and sometimes a full bibliography at the end of the text. Place footnotes at the base of the page Set endnotes after the body of the paper. Use a shortened version of the footnote in case of subsequent use of the same source. Citing essay in Chicago style’s author-date system The author-date system is used in creative writings like natural, physical, and social sciences. It offers parenthetical in-text citations to include the author and date of publication, as well as a bibliography. Use parenthetical citations within the text Include information to discriminate between various authors and essays, if needed Creating a reference list is the prime forte of citation under this format option. Author names should be provided in the bibliography section similar to the in-text citations, but the authors’ names can be spelled out or by using initials. Are you confused about citing sources in an essay? If yes, contact your-writers.net, and hire the expert service of the writers about quick and skillful presentation of the essay’s topic. We are available 247 online and our experts are completely equipped in implementing all types of citation in your research paper. We offer free revisions if anything goes against the particular thesis even after we have delivered our assignment. We at your-writers.net offer our premium service at budget price and by employing native writers.

Dealing With Tree Root Damage of Sewer and Water Line

Conventional wisdom says that the roots of certain tree species may be more harmful to water and sewage lines than others, especially if planted too close to these utilities. That wisdom weighs out as far as it goes, but all trees have some ability to invade water and sewer lines. Root Egress Tree roots invade mostly through damaged lines installed in the top 24 inches of soil. Sound lines and sewers have very little trouble with root damage, and then only at weak points where water seeps out. Aggression toward water service in many fast-growing, large trees is spawned by the discovery of a water source coming from that service. As is the case with any living thing, a tree will do what it must to survive. Roots dont actually crush septic tanks and lines, entering instead through weak and seeping spots on tanks and lines. Its important to closely watch these aggressive trees when they grow  near your sewage service, or avoid planting them altogether: Fraxinus (ash)Liquidambar (sweetgum)Populus (poplar and cottonwood)Quercus (oak, usually lowland varieties)Robinia (locust)Salix (willow)Tilia (basswood)Liriodendron (tulip treePlatanus (sycamore)Many Acer species (red, sugar, Norway and silver maples, and boxelder) Managing Trees Around Sewers and Pipes For managed landscapes near sewer lines, replace water-seeking trees every eight to 10 years before they grow too big. This limits the distance roots grow outside the planting area and the time they have to grow into and around sewer lines as well as foundations, sidewalks, and other infrastructure. Older trees can embed pipes and sewers by growing roots around the pipes. If these trees experience a structural root failure and topple, these field lines can be destroyed, so it is important to keep a close eye on these as well. To help prevent tree root damage that will eventually interfere with sewer lines: Plant small, slow-growing trees near sewer lines.Plan to replace trees every eight to 10 years if you desire faster-growing species.Periodically monitor and replace even slow-growing trees.Thoroughly evaluate landscaping plans for potential root intrusion when improving or building new sewer lines.Consider Amur maple, Japanese maple, dogwood, redbud, and fringetree, common trees recommended for planting near water lines. Options exist if you already have tree root damage to your lines. Products containing slow-release chemicals to stymie further root growth are helpful. Other root barriers include: Densely-compacted layers of soilChemical layers such as sulfur, sodium, zinc, borate, salt or herbicidesAir gaps using large stonesSolid barriers such as plastic, metal, or wood. Each of these barriers can be effective in the short term, but long-term results are difficult to guarantee and can significantly harm the tree. Seek professional advice when using these options.

Adam and Eve Essay 3 - 1412 Words

Adam and Eve Marcie Smith REL 250 Paxton Reed November 16, 2008 Adam and Eve The term subordination is used frequently in the context of Trinitarian discussion, and has a clearly defined usage. Theologians of the past have spoken in some sense of the subordination of the Son and the Spirit within the boundaries of orthodoxy. However, how do we define it when it comes to women and the church? The story of Adam and Eve is a great place to start. It brings with it all of the elements of love, respect, partnership, and subordination all rolled together. When I first started to research this paper I was under the misguided assumption that Adam and Eve went down together. As my paper evolved you will see I learned a little bit differently.†¦show more content†¦Feminists argue that women have had to struggle to overcome the patriarchally structured churches. While scholars in ecclesiastical history and related fields have undoubtedly been influenced by the huge developments in both women’s history and gender history in the larger arena of historical scholarship, they have also been influenced by the questions raised by feminist theologians about the viability of women remaining within the Churches and the outworking of Christian doctrine in the women’s lives. â€Å"Origins have therefore become important to some feminist scholars, especially those of faith, in a rather distinctive way, as they have sought to bring to light—and , in some cases, discover—evidence for the ways in which the Christian tradition has in at least some of its roots an equal place for women† (Shaw, 2004). The place of women—and, indeed, men—in the early Churches is a historical subject which is seen to have relevance to individuals and the Churches today: while Churches are still debating the validity of the ordination of women, and even the extent to which laywomen can participate in the worship and ministry of the Church, it is not possible to shy away from this. One of the great strengths of feminist scholarship has been to show that no scholar works from a neutral starting-point: the selection of topic and the evidence on which historians choose to focus are shaped by their presuppositions. Ecclesiastical historians, influenced by theirShow MoreRelatedThe Lineage of Sin and Death867 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay, I will be explaining the nature of sin and how it entered the world. First of all, let us define sin. According to dictionary.com, sin is transgression or violation of divine or supreme law, a willful or deliberate violation of some religious or moral principle, any reprehensible or regrettable action, behavior, lapse etc.; great fault or offense. My definition of sin is disobedience toward Yahweh, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Sin entered the world through Adam in theRead MoreReflection On God s The Lord God Planted A Garden Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I will take the position that God waited to create Eve in order to properly prepare Adam to be a husband/leader. Being the very first being created on earth and having no experience in how to live, God would need to teach Adam the necessary steps for a productive and successful life. Especially since there was a fallen being roaming around, God needed Adam’s full attention to establish a relationship with him, teach him the importance of guarding something precious, and that obeyingRead MoreThe Sin Of The Original Sin961 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of sinners begging the Lord for forgiveness—thanks to Adam and Eve. How different would the world be if Adam and Eve did not bit the forbidden fruit? Would such sin still exist today? â€Å"If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just will forgive us our sins and purify u s from all unrighteousness† (1 John 1:9 King James Version). It is important to keep in mind that no human being is perfect, only God is perfect. In this essay, readers will get the opportunity to learn about the OriginalRead MoreThe Quranic And Biblical Story Of Adam And Eve1527 Words   |  7 PagesKody Ayers 3/11/2015 The Quranic and Biblical Story of Adam and Eve Christianity and Islam are similar in many beliefs and have many intersecting histories. These beliefs include major points such as a God and ancient prophets. However, Islam and Christianity vary significantly between their religious written works. These works are the Bible and the Qur’an. The compilation of both in their respective religions however do point back to God. God being the omnipotent deity in which these religionsRead MoreThe Hebrew Bible s Allure And Perseverance928 Words   |  4 Pagesunclear. One such gap is God’s motivation behind his response to Adam and Eve eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Despite God telling Adam that he will die if he eats the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil (King James Version, Gen. 2.17), eating the fruit did not cause Adam and Eve to die; instead, God allowed them to live and cast them out of the garden of Eden (Gen. 3; 24). Why then did God tell Adam that he will die if he consu mes the fruit from that tree ifRead MoreAdam And Nimrod Are Not Just Characters From Dante s Work1259 Words   |  6 PagesAdam and Nimrod are not just characters from Dante’s work. They both have origins in Christianity. Genesis 3 is about Adam’s sin, the first sin; disobeying the Lord caused the fall of man. Genesis 11 is about Nimrod’s sin. Nimrod was the first ruler â€Å"in the land of Shinar† (Gen 10.10). Men, migrating east, settled in Shinar and planned to construct a tower so tall, that it would reach the sky because this would â€Å"make a name for [themselves]† (Gen. 11.4). When the Lord noticed this tower, he â€Å"scatteredRead MoreViews On The Historical Adam Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesFour views on the historical Adam consists of four prominent biblical scholars, who together, provided there understanding of scripture to a project that shed light on the figure identified in Genesis 1 as Adam. The four contributors to this book are: Dr. Denis Lamoureux, Dr. John Walton, Dr. C. John Collins, and Dr. William Barrick. Four Views on the Historical Adam visibly outlines four key views on the Genesis figure Adam held by evangelicals. The content provided is theologically consistent inRead MoreThe Battle Of The Sexes1239 Words   |  5 Pagesa woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man† (Genesis 2:22) this quote and this context has been interpreted wrongly by many in the comings over the years and throughout history. People interpret Eve as being less in value than Adam because she was taken from his ribs after he was first created. This interpretation of being lesser in value than the male species has been a struggle throughout the duration of history. This may have been a cause to a misunderstandingRead MoreHow I Read Literature Like A Professor Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesBrylan Beard Mrs. Mary Smith Ap Literature 20 September 2017 How to Read Literature like a Professor Essay This essay will be about the analyzing of literary devices that are discussed in this book. The professor in the book thoroughly describes these devices and the allusions and symbols that are involved in literature over the centuries. I will be discussing the specifics of the allusions and symbols of the bible and the Christ like figures in literature. The first device I will be describingRead MoreClash Between God And Science Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesof when Science and biblical text do not agree is the ideas of Adam and Eve vs. evolution, the flooding of the earth, and finally scientific law vs. miracles performed by Jesus Christ. The first instance of when biblical text and science do not agree starts in the beginning with the first man and woman. In Genesis 2:4-3:24, God introduces the first man and woman in the world. Their names where Adam and Eve. The book of Genesis 2:4-3:24 states â€Å"The  Lord  God formed  a man[c]  from the dust  of the ground  and

Risks and opportunities of Wal-Mart Free Essays

Sam Walton – a real ‘king’ of XXth-century retail – was able to turn a small store in the center of a provincial town to the world’s largest retailer – Wal-Mart. This man had stepped on a pedal of his business and never let it go; otherwise, he could be crushed by those behind him. The Wal-Mart’s success is grounded on the notion to save customers’ money, so they can live better. We will write a custom essay sample on Risks and opportunities of Wal-Mart or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economists’ unfavorable outlook at Wal-Mart Co in the beginning of FY 2007 seems to fade out by the latest data and reports, for this global retailer is focused on constant improving of sales and returns: an 8.1 percent increase in the first quarter to $2.86 billion or 70 cents per share up from $2.65 billion, or 63 cents per share, in the year ago period. Wal-Mart expects the on-going increase in net profit up to $0.99 – $1.03 per share in the fourth quarter and $3.13 – $3.17 in total. Sales of the company rose 8.8 percent to $90.9 billion (according to the data from Floor Daily and Reuters). Risks of the last year, when the company tried to sell more goods to middle- and high-income shoppers had been reemphasized by executive leadership; therefore, this year brought more opportunities in low-price segment. At present, Wal-Mart Co made some steps forward in its American stores and attracted more consumers, who were pressed by growing prices on foodstuff and energy carriers, and by mortgage crisis. For the past few weeks, the retailer has lowered prices on the most popular toys and 15 thousand of other goods on the threshold of the holiday shopping. The falling of dollar and rising oil prices posed a real threat to weaken international earnings; however, the surprising share of Wal-Mart Stores Inc in the third quarter of FY 2007 has grown due to outlets overseas, tough expenses’ control and preliminary customer expectation model in American stores. While the American picture seems rather clear, for Wal-Mart originated from this country, the international situation was frightening. Europe and Asia are turning America down from the leading position in the world affairs, because of its ‘diplomatic’ operations in Iraq, the growing total debt and unstable economy. Therefore, the outlets in Germany were forced out by domestic stores, outlets in South Korea were closed because of high competition and low market share; â€Å"new social alternative† in India is fighting against Coca-Cola and Wal-Mart. Nevertheless, along with grasping market share in North and Latin America, Wal-Mart had fit the cultural diversity in Asian segment. For example, in China consumers are allowed to choose live fish and seafood by themselves. As the world’s largest retailer, Wal-Mart Co can afford the new technologies, take the role of sponsor in the latest researches and developments, protect the environment and implement the energy- and money-saving equipment in its stores. When Sam Walton had faced regional discount competition and opened his first discount store, he laid the basis for further successful management strategy: the wide range of goods, the lowest possible prices, the latest technologies, convenient stores and parking, and, as the result, consumers’ satisfaction. Today, the executive leadership of the corporation is aiming its efforts at successful managing of all departments: sales, marketing, human resources, research and development and administration. Step by step, Wal-Mart has filled all market niches, including discount stores, warehouses, grocery and toys stores, optical and pharmaceutical supermarkets, portrait studios. The outlets overseas were depending on the progress and technologies. The spread of democracy in post-communist countries had unveiled the potential of their consumers; so, today, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is heading to take the largest market share possible in this area. Technological progress with its changes in industry had forced Wal-Mart Co to implement such   â€Å"A preliminary research for the valuation of Wal-Mart Co† developments as internet access, latest technologies and electronics, online stores in its marketing strategy, in order to keep the leading positions in a highly competitive market. The core trends in business spending lie in progress of environment protection. The sustainable goals of zero waste and reduce of energy at Wal-Mart stores call for fundamental changes. The company has already â€Å"constructed experimental stores to test different ways to conserve water or electricity while also cutting waste† (Maestri, N. Reuters, para.3). The company will also examine the health care issues, the key question that is raised in media; make attempts to fit the highly diversified Asian market to include minorities and women; reduce carbon footprint and track waste. Another business spending is found in sustainable development in China, from which Wal-Mart, either directly or indirectly source goods. Wal-Mart strategy, competencies, and management Mike Duke, the Vice Chairman of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., in his â€Å"Driving Business Value through Sustainability† presentation has singled out five value drivers of business: brand and reputation, cost reduction, access to talent, associate engagement, innovation (p.8). These drives cover all spheres and level possible, such as worldwide market share and recognition, customers’ and employees’ satisfaction. All reports prove that the principle of each consumer’s satisfaction is the right and unchanging course in varying industry. Sam Walton, an expert, manager and retailer, is also a good teacher, for he could raise a successful team of leaders, who share the same priorities and want to reach the same goals. Recently, Wal-Mart Co had reemphasized the financial management systems and chose the solution SAP ERP Financials to keep up its growth and effective reaction at business changes. This teamwork had lead to top, among such competitors as Target, Costco, Kroger, Safeway, Best Buy, etc. Ellis Mnyandu, a Reuter’s reporter, has noted that â€Å"Wal-Mart’s stock gained 6.1 percent to $45.97 after the world’s biggest retailer posted a stronger-than-expected quarterly profit and raised its outlook† (para.17). Facts say louder than words – Wal-Mart Co is worth to be called â€Å"the largest seller in the U.S.† and largest global retailer. References: Bianco, A. (2007). Wal-Mart’s Midlife Crisis. BusinessWeek. April 30. Online. November 28, 2007. Available: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/b4032001.htm Duke, M., Hartzfeld, J. (2007). Driving Business Value Through Sustainability. October, 10. Online. The Wal-Mart Live Better Sustainability Summit. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://ceosustainabilitysummit.com/CEODocs/984797/InterfaceRAISEWal- MartSummitBreakout101007.pdf Maestri, N. (2007). Wal-Mart Outlines Environmental Efforts Progress. Reuters UK. November, 15. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews /idUKN1530614420071115?sp=true Mnyandu, E. (2007). Market soars on tech, banks, Wal-Mart and oil. Reuters. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL3057195020071113?sp=true Wal-Mart 1Q Earnings Up 8.1%. (2007). Floor Focus. May 15. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://www.floorfocus.com/articlesearchitem.aspx?article=10372 Wal-Mart Selects SAP. (2007). SAP Global. October, 18. Online. November, 28, 2007. Available: http://www.sap.com/solutions/business- suite/erp/newsevents/press.epx?pressid=8440    How to cite Risks and opportunities of Wal-Mart, Papers

Social Security Reforms Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries Essay Example

Social Security Reforms: Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries Essay Social security has been adopted as a policy and programme of government to secure and provide for needs of the aged, disabled or those who are financially disabled. In the United State of America, the social security programme of the country has being on for 70 years now. And it is considered by scholars and their likes that it is the most successful programme in U.S. history (Smith, 2005). Social security top most agenda of the US. And, it is one that has incurred rigorous debate. Thus, it has become increasingly politicized in contemporary times. Many politicians now use social security issue as an item for political campaign and manifestos display. Hence, promises are made on ways and pattern to reform existing social security programme in fashion tat would make it more beneficial to the beneficiaries. Social security has been synonymous to nomenclature such as Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance program. But as Smith (2005), rightly puts it, the program is broad and not just for retirees. It is an insurance program, one that provides insurance against a destitute old age and also protects survivors and those with disability. â€Å"Social security provides benefits to retired and disabled workers and their dependents and survivors; social security provides assistance to the needy, aged, blind, and disabled† (Horst, 2001). Government has over the years allocated huge public funds for the administration of social security. For example, in US 1996 fiscal year, Social Security Administration (SSA) had expenditures totaling $386 billion; almost one-forth of the United States $1.6 trillion federal budget. And in that year over 50 million beneficiaries nearly one out of every five individuals in the country- received benefits from SSA each month, and the numbers have been steadily growing (ibid). The scale of social security is huge: nearly 500 billion dollars shared by over 47 million social security benefit was $926 in 2004† (Smith, 2005). Social security constitutes a major source of income for most retirees. For those with lower incomes, nearly three quarters of their total income comes from social security. And a third of all without social security (ibid). Social security has been of an immense benefit and thus advantageous in making the aged and senior citizens maintain their dignity and hence, make them to depend less on financial support from their families. Also, widows, dependents and disabled persons condition of living have being uplifted with no cause for them to go on wanting. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Security Reforms: Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Security Reforms: Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Security Reforms: Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The administration of social security has come up with certain problems that make many people to call for the reform to the current programme in the United States. According to Steiner (2005), social security the nation’s paternalistic retirement program has a two- part-financing problem. The first component is the imbalance, which pertain to the amount of money the system takes and spend on social security. Here, projected revenues and expenditures are not in balance. The second component is the surplus, which is derived from the tax revenue on social security. Today, the government takes in more social security tax revenue than it spends, which create surpluses. The government invests the current surpluses in special – issue government bonds and spends rather than invests them. The situation of things s made current financing arrangement lowers savings and raises the national debt, instead of potentially increasing national savings, which could fund the benefits for f uture retirees. A as way out of the problems facing social security in the United States, it is suggested that social security surpluses should be invested in private securities rather than government bonds. This would effectively remove trust fund assets from the unified budget and force Congress to get along without them. This approach is suggested to preserve social security’s current defined benefit structure. The advantages associated with private securities trust fund; include: first, it would increase expected returns on trust fund assets, potentially increasing national savings. The higher investments risk associated with private securities would be spread over all program participants. Also, benefits would be payable to participants as intended, rather than leaking out of the program to serve other purposes. It then become necessary to avoid exorbitant increases to payroll taxes in the future and resolve both the imbalances and surplus problems, it may make sense to invest social sec urity assets in private investments or reduce future benefits and encourage individuals to save more themselves (Steiner, 2005). But the disadvantage associated with the above approach is that the government would select the private securities. Defenders maintain that government involvement could be mitigated by investing the trust fund in indexed mutual funds selected by an independent board of trustees charged with representing the interests of program participants (ibid). Pay-As-You-Go financing with adjustments is another option to be adopted in reforming the existing social security. â€Å"Chile, the first country in the world to shift from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit social insurance model to a funded defined contribution model† (Rix, 2005). This approach involves the financing short falls ahead to bring tax rates and benefits into balance within social security’s current structure while avoiding significant surpluses. The pay-as-you-go financing with adjustments had the advantages f simplicity, but it could come at the cost of relatively steep increases in taxes or significant reductions in benefits or both (ibid). Using the adopted reform of social security in United Kingdom as a referral point, the Voluntary Carve Outs (VCO) in the United Kingdom has a defined benefit and a defined contribution plan as the alternative to social security. â€Å"The United Kingdom is the only high- income country that allows VCOs with the worker establishing an individual account defined contribution plan† (Blake, 2005). Under the VCO programme in the UK, workers can ‘contract out’ of social security, replacing part of their social security benefits with private pensions, either through a defined benefit plan or, since 1988, an individual account defined contribution plan. In the VCO programme, the UK government receives and disburses contributions to individual accounts; it does not have a record keeping function for the VCO accounts. Rather, the government serves as the record keeper for the entire system. Here, each worker has an account with the company managing the investments of the VC O, usually an insurance company. Workers must contract with an insurance company to receive the annuitized benefits. The workers are responsible for investigating the prices charged by insurance companies (ibid). A VCO account differs from the traditional social security benefits in the sense that VCO account is like a loan from the government because the workers accept reduced future socials security benefits in exchange for the diversion today of socials security of the assets between contributions to an individual account and reductions in future social security benefits are a key aspect of the structure of VCOs because they affect the decisions workers make as to whether to take the VCO. The need to make reform to existing social security program, in order to better the lots of beneficiaries, brought about this research study. Thus, the study would focus on social security reforms: implications of reinvesting social security surpluses in favor of the beneficiaries. The United State social security program would be the case study for the research work. 1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM The following are those problems that underline the study which the research study intend proffering solution to: Social security administration is bedeviled with an imbalance in the amount of money government collect as tax for social security and the actual amount that is spent for beneficiaries of social security. This imbalance has led to growing shortfalls in the out-years of social security administration. Hence, projected revenues and expenditures are not in balance. How could administration of social security be administered in order to make a balance between collected tax (revenue) and expenditures on social security? As a result of imbalance between expected revenue and expenditures, there are surpluses in accumulated fund not disbursed. How would these surpluses be invested in order to further better the lot of beneficiaries of social security? The current social security leaves the beneficiaries with no room to make choice on how and where  Ã‚   to invest for their future benefits. Unlike the case with the Voluntary Carve out (VCO) program of the UK, where the beneficiary has the choice to make decision on which insurance company to manage their securities, the social security as being practice in the US demands for mandatory account.   Workers in VCO have the choice to make many decisions, which affect their lives unlike the social security. Lower income workers are restricted only to social security, unlike those in upper income level. Thus, they bear more risk averse concerning the investment of their retirement savings than upper income workers. And the lower income workers have no room for the diversification of their source of retirement income. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE S TUDY The following under listed are those objectives, which the research study tends to attain. To proffer the best method on which the reinvestment of surpluses in social security, that would be of immense benefits to the beneficiaries and safeguard the programme to last and be capable to meet future demands in the ever-increasing beneficiaries of social security. To determine ways of reforming social security administration that would make beneficiaries have room to make choice and be in position to make decision that would best benefit them To determine ways in which the imbalances of revenues generated for social security and the expenditures made are balanced in order to make the programme more effective and beneficial to stakeholders. To determine the implications of reinvesting surpluses of social security in favor of the beneficiaries. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The importance of this research work includes: The study would enable government know ways of investing and administering surpluses in social; security so as to better the lot of the beneficiaries and improve on the effectiveness of the programme. The study would also enable government to know ways of administering social security so as to remove any form of imbalances that would prevent proper forecasting and future plan on social security programme. The research work would also enable beneficiaries of the social security programme to know ways and roles they would play in order to improve their status in the programme. The research work would contribute to the body of knowledge. Researchers on the same field of study can make reference to this study in course of further research work. The research work is significant in the sense that it would contribute to   social concern and the ways of further improvement on social well-being of the masses in a state. 1.5  Ã‚   RESERCH METHODOLOGY 1.5.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research Design method The survey research design would be used in conducting this research work. A survey design is a research method where data are collected from a defined population to describe the present condition of the population using the variables under study. â€Å"Survey design does more than merely uncover data. They interpret, synthesis and integrate these data and point to implications and interrelationship† (Bankole, 2003:15). Since the subject matter for this study is a social issue that affects a large group and the generality of people, the survey research method becomes most feasible and more appropriate in the conduct of the study. 1.5.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subjects for the study The total population for this study would constitute the majority of beneficiaries of social security especially those in the United States. Since they are the users and direct stakeholders in social security, it is appropriate that they constitute the subjects of the study. Also, government workers in agencies that administer social security policies would constitute subject for the study. These two groups become appropriate as the subject of the study, because they have first knowledge on how social security is being administered and they partake in the outcome of the implemented programme. 1.5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sample Size The sample size, i.e., the number of subjects top be i8ncluded for the study would comprise of 100 respondents. 70% of the respondents, constituting 70 people, would be those who are beneficiaries of social security. While 30% of the respondents would be workers and other people that have direct link with governmental agencies that administers social security. The categorization of the subjects for the study in the above giving proportion becomes appropriate, since there are greater numbers of beneficiaries of social security than the workers administering the programme. The number of sample size is adequate because it could be properly managed and data derived would be adequately analyzed, than larger sample size. 1.5.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sampling Method The quota sampling method would be used in selecting the subjects for the study. Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method, a form of accidental sampling done in line with quota or strata in the total population. According to Odiagbe (1999:48), quota sample is selected in such a way that various components appear not only in proportion to their sizes in the target population but selection is stopped as soon as enough of the sub-group is selected. The quota sampling method is adequate for this study since there is a placement of quota selection on those to form the research respondents. Also, quota sampling being a non-probability method would make the selection of the respondents for the study to be easy. Anyone can be included in the group selection, so far the number of selection do not exceed the 70-30 percentage ratio apportioned for beneficiaries and workers of government agencies for social security administration. 1.5.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data Collection Methods In the course of conducti8ng this re search, both primary and secondary data would be  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   utilized.; the primary data would be generated from self administered questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaires would contain two sections. Sections A,, would have the bio-data of the respondents, while section b would have questions relating to the study and the research questions. The questionnaires would be sent through e-mail and postal mail to reach wide areas and prevent the restriction of selecting the respondents to a particular area. This would also save cost of reaching respondents in distant areas. The choice of choosing questionnaire as an instruments for data collection boils to the fact that it would allow for ease in data collection and also position the respondent in a calm atmosphere, devoid of threat and victimization when giving answers to the questions. Also would be secrecy and protection of respondent privacy when questionnaires are administe red. Linkert 5 scale measurement would be used to grade the answers given b y the respondents. Below are the grade apportioned to each answer given Options  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apportioned score Strongly agree  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 Agree  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Uncertain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 Disagree  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 Strongly disagree  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 The secondary data would be used in deriving data and comparing previous findings and drawing conclusions for the study. The secondary data would be derived from journals, textbooks, newspapers articles, Internet materials and government gazettes. 1.6  Ã‚   MEASUREMENT The topic of this research study is ‘Social Security Reforms: Implication Of Reinvesting Social Security Surpluses In Favor Of The Beneficiaries’. From the topic the independent variable is ‘ Social security reforms’, while the dependent variable is ‘ the implication of reinvesting social security surpluses in favor of the beneficiaries. To operationalized the topic, we say, the implications derived from the r e investing of social security surpluses in favor of the beneficiaries is a function of the level of reforms made on the existing social security policy. In other words, the implications that are obtainable from the reinvesting of surpluses from social security to favor the beneficiaries, this is determined by the outcome of the type of reform carried out on current social security policy. For instance, if no thorough reform is carried out it means the level of change would be minute, thereby resulting in the status quo of modus operandi. 1.7 DATA ANALYSIS The quantitative analysis method would be use for the analysis of the data for the study. Chi-square (X2) would be used in testing the r e search questions. The formula for the chi-square (x2) is: X2+ (O-E)2 E Where ‘O’ represent the observed frequency ‘E ‘ represents the expected frequency. The decision rule for the chi- square (X2) include: Accept the null hypothesis (h0), when the calculated value of X2 is lesser than the table value of X2. Hence, reject the alternate hypothesis (H1). Reject the null hypothesis (H0), when the calculated value of X2 is greater than the table value of X2. Hence, accept the alternate hypothesis (H1). The findings of the research study would be derived based on the conclusion reached from the statistical analysis carried out. 1.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical considerations to be put in place in the course of conducting this research work include the following: 1. The data for the research work would not be falsified. Hence, it would be generated based on the actual response the respondents give. 2 the privacy of the respondents would be protected; any  Ã‚   given information would only be utilized for the conducting the research study. 3. All used secondary data would be adequately referenced in order to prevent plagiarism. REFRENCES Bankole, A.R. (2003), research methods: an introductory approach. Lagos: Adeshina Print Production Publication. Blake, David Turner John, (2005), voluntary Carve Outs for Social Security reform: Lessons from the United Kingdom† http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/20005_20_uk.pdf (20/02/06) Hprst, Cindy (2001), â€Å" Vital link in social security: Somali refugees in the Dadaab camps, Kenya† working paper no.38. New Issues in refugee research. Social security Administration (SSA) publication. No 05-10008. Odiagbe, Martin (1999), A Handbook of Research Methods, Seminar Presentation Term paper writing. Lagos: Win Computer System. Rix, Sara E. (2005), â€Å"reforming Social security: Lessons from Abroad† http://www.aarp.org/research/socialsecurity/reform/social_security_abroad.html (20/02/06) Smith, Marie F. (2005), â€Å" The  Ã‚   Future of Social security Speech† July 18. http://www.aarp.org/research/socialsecurityreform/socail_security_confrence.html. (20/02/06) Steiner, Kenneth A. (2005), â€Å" Social Security Reform: What’s the Best Fix?† http://www.contingencies.org/novdec05/social_security_reform_1105.asp (11/02/06).